1、Designation: F1870 11Standard Guide forSelection of Fire Test Methods for the Assessment ofUpholstered Furnishings in Detention and CorrectionalFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1870; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a fire-test-response guide.1.2 This guide is intended to provide gu
3、idance for theselection of test methods that are applicable to determiningfire-test-response characteristics of upholstered furniture itemscontained within a detention cell.1.3 This guide is intended for use by those interested inassessing the fire properties of the upholstery products andtheir comp
4、onent materials or composites, within cells and otherareas (such as isolation lounges) of detention and correctionaloccupancies.1.4 This guide includes standard test methods promulgatedby ASTM, NFPA, Underwriters Laboratories, trade associa-tions and government agencies and other proposed test meth-
5、ods. It does not include industrial materials specification tests.The guide indicates some means by which modifications ofstandard test methods lead to potential achievement of certaintesting goals.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to regarded as standard;see IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for further details.
6、 The units given inparentheses are for information only. Some individual stan-dards referenced use inch-pound units for referee decisions.1.6 This guide contains four types of test methods, namely:(1) generic small-scale methods, (2) specific applications ofsmall-scale test methods to particular pro
7、ducts or compositesof products, associated with upholstery items, (3) real-scale testmethods where actual upholstery products are exposed to heator flame, and (4) guides explaining the concepts involved withroom-scale testing.1.7 The main fire-test-response characteristics investigatedin this guide
8、are: ignitability, ease of extinction, flame spread,heat release, smoke obscuration and toxic potency of smoke.1.8 This guide measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required
9、for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
10、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to
11、 TextilesD1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperatureof PlasticsD2863 Test Method for Measuring the Minimum OxygenConcentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion ofPlastics (Oxygen Index)D3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy So
12、urceE162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid MaterialsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates
13、 for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture AssembliesE1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholst
14、ered FurnitureE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F33 on Detention andCorrectional Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F33.05 onFurnishings and Equipment.Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published A
15、ugust 2011. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F1870 05. DOI:10.1520/F1870-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
16、 standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Up
17、holstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentStandardsE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1678 Test Method for Me
18、asuring Smoke Toxicity for Usein Fire Hazard AnalysisF1534 Test Method for Determining Changes in Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Cushioning Materials AfterWater LeachingF1550 Test Method for Determination of Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Components or Composites ofMattresses or Furnit
19、ure for Use in Correctional Facilitiesafter Exposure to Vandalism, by Employing a Bench ScaleOxygen Consumption CalorimeterIEEE/ASTM SI 10 International System of Units (SI): TheModern Metric System2.2 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standards:3ISO 3261 Fire TestsVocabularyISO 48
20、80 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile Prod-uctsVocabularyISO 5659-2 Determination of Specific Optical Density by aSingle-Chamber TestISO 9705 Full Scale Room Fire Test for Surface ProductsISO 13943 Fire Safety: Vocabulary2.3 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Stan-dards:4NFPA 101 Lif
21、e Safety CodeNFPA 258 Recommended Practice for Determining SmokeGeneration of Solid MaterialsNFPA 260 Methods of Test and Classification System forCigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Uphol-stered FurnitureNFPA 261 Method of Test for Determining Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture M
22、aterial Assemblies toIgnition by Smoldering CigarettesNFPA 265 Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room FireGrowth Contribution of Textile Wall CoveringsNFPA 269 Test Method for Developing Toxic Potency Datafor Use in Fire Hazard ModelingNFPA 271 Method of Test for Heat and Visible SmokeRelease Rat
23、es for Materials and Products Using an Oxy-gen Consumption CalorimeterNFPA 701 Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation ofTextiles and FilmsNFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code2.4 California Standards:5California Technical Bulletin 116 (CA TB 116) (January1980), “Requirements, Test Pro
24、cedure and Apparatus forTesting the Flame Retardance of Upholstered Furniture”California Technical Bulletin 117 (CA TB 117) (January1980), “Requirements, Test Procedure and Apparatus forTesting the Flame Retardance of Resilient Filling Materi-als Used in Upholstered Furniture”California Technical Bu
25、lletin 121 (CA TB 121) (April1980), Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses forUse in Public OccupanciesCalifornia Technical Bulletin 129 (CA TB 129) (October1992), Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses forUse in Public BuildingsCalifornia Technical Bulletin 133 (CA TB 133) (January1991), Fl
26、ammability Test Procedure for Seating Furniturefor Use in Public Occupancies2.5 Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Stan-dards:6CFR Part 1610 Standard for the Flammability of ClothingTextiles (General Wearing Apparel)CFR Part 1632 Standard for the Flammability of Mattressesand Mattress Pads (f
27、ormerly DOC FF4-72, 40 FR 59940)2.6 Federal Standards:7Americans with Disabilities ActFED STD 191A Textile Test Method 5830 (July 20, 1978)2.7 International Code Council Codes:8International Building CodeInternational Fire Code3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method andas
28、sociated with fire issues refer to the terminology contained inTerminology E176, ISO 13943, and ISO 3261. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shallprevail. For definitions of terms used in this guide andassociated with textile issues refer to the terminology containedin Ter
29、minology D123 and ISO 4880. In case of conflict, thedefinitions given in Terminology D123 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fire hazard, npotential for harm associated with fire.3.2.1.1 DiscussionA fire may pose one or more types ofhazard to people, animals, or p
30、roperty. These hazards areassociated with the environment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assem-blies including but not limited to ease of ignition, flame spread,rate of heat release, smoke generation and obscuration, toxicityof combustion products
31、and ease of extinguishment.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.5Available from California Bureau o
32、f Home Furnishings and Thermal Insula-tion, State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, 3485 Orange GroveAvenue, North Highlands, CA, 95660-5595.6Available from US Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC,20207.7Available from General Services Administration, Specifications Activi
33、ty,Printed Materials Supply Division, Building 197, Naval Weapons Plant, Washing-ton, DC, 20407.8Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW,6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, http:/www.iccsafe.org.F1870 1123.2.2 fire performance, nresponse of a material, product,or assemb
34、ly in a specific fire, other than in a fire test involvingcontrolled conditions (different from fire-test-response charac-teristic, q.v.).3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe ASTM policy on fire standardsdistinguishes between the response of materials, products orassemblies to heat and flame, “under controlled con
35、ditions,”which is fire-test-response characteristic, and “under actual fireconditions,” which is fire performance. Fire performancedepends on the occasion or environment and may not bemeasurable. In view of the limited availability of fire-performance data, the response to one or more fire tests,app
36、ropriately recognized as representing end-use conditions, isgenerally used as a predictor of the fire performance of amaterial, product, or assembly.3.2.3 fire scenario, ndetailed description of conditions,including environmental, of one or more of the stages frombefore ignition to the completion of
37、 combustion in an actualfire at a specific location, or in a full-scale simulation.3.2.4 fire-test-response characteristic, nresponse charac-teristic of a material, product, or assembly, to a prescribedsource of heat or flame, under controlled fire conditions; suchresponse characteristics may includ
38、e but are not limited to easeof ignition, flame spread, heat release, mass loss, smokegeneration, fire endurance, and toxic potency of smoke.3.2.4.1 DiscussionA fire-test-response characteristic canbe influenced by variables of exposure such as ignitionintensity, ventilation, geometry of item or enc
39、losure, humidity,or oxygen concentration. It is not an intrinsic property such asspecific heat, thermal conductivity, or heat of combustion,where the value is independent of test variables. A fire-test-response characteristic may be described in one of severalterms. Smoke generation, for example, ma
40、y be described assmoke opacity, change of opacity with time, or smoke weight.No quantitative correlation need exist between values of aresponse characteristic for two or more materials, products, orassemblies, as measured by two or more approaches, or testedunder two or more sets of conditions for a
41、 given method.3.2.5 flashover, nrapid transition to a state of total surfaceinvolvement in a fire of combustible materials within anenclosure.3.2.5.1 DiscussionFlashover occurs when the surfacetemperatures of combustible contents rise, producing pyrolysisgases, and the room heat flux becomes suffici
42、ent to heat allsuch gases to their ignition temperatures. This commonlyoccurs when the upper layer temperature reaches 600C or aradiant heat flux at the floor of at least 20 kW/m2.3.2.6 heat release rate, ncalorific energy released per unittime by the combustion of a material under specified testcon
43、ditions.3.2.7 smoke, nairborne solid and liquid particulates andgases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis and com-bustion.3.2.8 smoke toxicity, npropensity of smoke to produceadverse biochemical or physiological effects.3.2.9 toxic potency (as applied to inhalation of smoke or itscomponent g
44、ases), nquantitative expression relating concen-tration and exposure time to a particular degree of adversephysiological response, for example, death, on exposure ofhumans or animals.3.2.9.1 DiscussionThe toxic potency of the smoke fromany material, product, or assembly is related to the composition
45、of that smoke which, in turn, is dependent upon the conditionsunder which the smoke is generated.3.2.10 upholstered furniture, nunit of interior furnishingthat (1) contains any surface that is covered, in whole or in part,with a fabric or other upholstery cover material, (2) containsupholstery paddi
46、ng or filling materials, and (3) is intended forsitting or reclining upon.3.2.11 upholstery cover fabric, noutermost layer of fabricor other material used to enclose the main support system orupholstery padding, or both, used in the furniture item.3.2.12 upholstery padding, npadding, stuffing, or fi
47、llingmaterials used in a furniture item, which may be either loose orattached, enclosed by an upholstery fabric, or located betweenthe upholstery fabric and support system, if present.3.2.12.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,materials such as foams, cotton batting, polyester fiberfill
48、,bonded cellulose or down.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The test methods identified in this guide can be subdi-vided in four groups, namely: (1) generic small-scale methods;(2) specific applications of small-scale test methods applied toparticular products or composites of products, associated withupholste
49、ry items; (3) real-scale test methods where actualupholstery products (or full-scale mock-ups) are exposed toheat or flame; and (4) guides which explain the conceptsrequired to conduct room-scale testing, or design specific testmethods.4.2 The small-scale test methods relevant to upholsterymaterials or products for use in detention cells, determine thefollowing fire-test-response characteristics: ignitability, ease ofextinction, flame spread, heat release (both amount and rate),smoke obscuration, and toxic potency of smoke.4.3 Applications small scale test met
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