1、Designation: F 1872 05Standard Guide forUse of Chemical Shoreline Cleaning Agents: Environmentaland Operational Considerations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1872; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of chemical cleaning agentson oiled shorelines. This guide is not applicabl
3、e to otherchemical agents nor to the use of such products in open waters.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide information thatwill enable spill responders to decide whether to use chemicalshoreline cleaning agents as part of the oil spill cleanupresponse.1.3 This is a general guide only. It i
4、s assumed that condi-tions at the spill site have been assessed and that theseconditions are suitable for the use of cleaning agents. It isassumed that permission has been obtained to use the chemicalagents. Variations in the behavior of different types of oil arenot dealt with in this guide and may
5、 change some of theparameters noted herein.1.4 This guide covers two different types of shorelinecleaners: those that disperse oil into the water and those thatdisperse little oil into the water under low energy levels. Theselection criteria for these two types can differ widely. Thisguide does not
6、cover dispersants.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u
7、se.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1686 Guide for Surveys to Document and Assess OilingConditions on Shorelines3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is primarily intended to assist decision-makers and spill-responders in contingency planning, spillresponse, and training.3.2 This guide i
8、s not specific to site or type of oil.4. Background4.1 Chemical shoreline cleaning agents are formulationsdesigned to be applied to oil and to remove oil from theshoreline above the low water line.4.2 Chemical shoreline cleaning agents are generally useddifferently from chemical dispersants, which a
9、re used to treatoil spills in offshore waters.4.3 Chemical shoreline cleaning agents are sometimesknown as surface washing agents, shoreline cleaners, or beachcleaners.4.4 The basic application method for shoreline cleaningagents is to spray the product onto the oil and leave the agentto penetrate t
10、he oil and then either flush away the oil or let arising tide wash it away. The oil may be washed directly intocontainment areas for recovery (1).34.5 The fundamental advantage of using a shoreline clean-ing agent is that oil can be removed rapidly without usingexcessive temperatures or pressures, w
11、hich can be harmful tobiota on and in beaches (2,3).4.6 Laboratory effectiveness tests have been developed andmany products have been tested (4-6). Field effectiveness testsare being developed (7,8).4.7 Laboratory testing shows that effectiveness may differ insaltwater and freshwater (6,9).4.8 There
12、 are differences in action mechanisms betweendispersants and shoreline cleaning agents. Composition of thetwo products differ (4, 9-13).4.9 Before specialized products were developed, dispersantswere used as shoreline cleaning agents with varying results(14).1This guide is under the jurisdiction of
13、ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as F 1872-98.2For referenced ASTM st
14、andards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofth
15、is standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.10 The aquatic toxicity of the treating agents varieswidely and is a factor in choosing products (3,9).4.11 The amount of oil dispersed into water primarilydepends on ener
16、gy used to remove the oil from the substrate,especially for dispersing shoreline treating agents. The energylevel is difficult to measure, but may be estimated fromindicators such as the pressure of the rinse water (1-3).4.12 The ease of oil removal from a beach depends verymuch on the type of oil,
17、its degree of weathering and the typeof beach. For example, a highly-weathered oil is difficult toremove by any means (2).5. General Considerations for Using Chemical ShorelineCleaning Agents5.1 Two basic types of shoreline cleaners are available:those that disperse oil into the water column, and th
18、ose thatdisperse little oil into the water column at low energy levels.5.2 Considerations for the use of shoreline cleaning agentsthat disperse are the same as those for using dispersants in thespecific habitat.5.3 Shoreline cleaning agents that do not disperse have verylittle impact on the water co
19、lumn.5.4 Regulatory authorities may have additional criteria andregulations regarding the acceptability and use of shorelinecleaning agents.5.5 Shoreline treating agents should be used in accordancewith manufacturers recommendations.5.6 The decision of whether to use or not to use shorelinecleaning
20、agents always involves tradeoffs. Using a non-dispersing shoreline cleaning agent moves oil out onto thewater where it must be recovered. Using a dispersing cleaningagent moves oil into the water column. Therefore, adverseeffects on water organisms may be increased in the watercolumn (in the case of
21、 a dispersing agent) by removing it fromthe shoreline.5.7 Shoreline cleaning agents are used primarily as acleanup method and not as a spill control method. Since someshorelines are more vulnerable to the longer lasting impacts ofspilled oil, an acceptable tradeoff may be to protect thesesensitive e
22、nvironments by removing the oil and either recov-ering it or putting it into a less sensitive environment. Whendispersing-type agents are used, the tradeoff that must beevaluated is the long-term impact of the residence time ofspilled oil that is stranded on shorelines as opposed to theshort-term im
23、pact of the presence of dispersed oil in the watercolumn. For non-dispersing agents, the trade-off that must beevaluated is the difficulty of recovering the released oil versusthe impact of the long residence time of spilled oil that isstranded on shorelines and the possibility of re-oiling adjacent
24、shoreline.5.8 It has been found that some shoreline cleaning agentsare equally effective in fresh and salt water, while others arenot. The salinity of the water involved may therefore be afactor, and the effectiveness of the particular product in thatsalinity (9).6. Environments Covered6.1 Shoreline
25、s GenerallyShorelines vary extensively intheir composition and their retention of oil (Guide F 1686).Several classification schemes are available for oiled shorelinesas well as guides to other cleanup methods (15,16).6.2 SeagrassesSeagrass-dominated shorelines can befound in shallow marine environme
26、nts from the tropics toArctic regions. Seagrass beds form a discreet ecosystem thattraps material derived from terrestrial sources and then exportslarge quantities of organic matter to the open sea. The presenceof an extensive network of roots and rhizomes facilitates notonly the sediment-binding of
27、 the grass beds but also thetransport of materials back out to sea. Oil can adhere to theseagrasses and cause damage.6.3 MangrovesMangrove ecosystems are intertidal forestsdominated by various species of woody halophytes, commonlycalled mangroves. There are 12 families and more than 54species of man
28、groves. Mangrove ecosystems occur in tropicallow-energy depositional areas. Mangroves tend to promote thedeposition of organic and mineral matter and their extensiveroot systems are important in stabilizing intertidal sediments.They are important ecologically as they provide the structuralbasis for
29、many species of animals and plants. Mangroves areparticularly prone to damage from oiling as they have respira-tory openings on roots that can be clogged (17).6.4 Tidal FlatsTidal flats are usually broad intertidal areasof unconsolidated sediments that have little slope and areusually protected from
30、 direct wave action. They are composedof sediments of varying characteristic grain size depending onthe amount of wave and current energy present. Tidal flats maybe covered by seagrasses, marsh grass, or mangroves, theenvironments which are discussed elsewhere in this guide.Tidal flats are important
31、 to the coastal ecosystem because ofthe high biological productivity. Oil retention on tidal flats islargely transitory and oil will often be carried to the supra-tidalregions.6.5 Sandy BeachesSandy beaches are composed of sedi-ments ranging from 0.06 to 2.0 mm in size. The composition ofthe sand it
32、self may vary, but it is usually either siliceous orcarbonate. The character of the sediment may be a significantfactor in oil retention as oil adheres differently to differenttypes of materials. Wave action can change the profile of asandy beach and can bury or cover oil.6.6 Gravel BeachesGravel be
33、aches are composed of sedi-ments ranging in size from 2.0 to 63 mm. The materials areusually a mixture of minerals with a variety of oil retentionproperties. Gravel beaches are dynamic and sometimes changein profile. They can retain large amounts of oil which may beburied under clean beach material
34、as a result of wave action.The dynamic nature of the gravel beach depends on itsexposure. Sheltered gravel beaches are relatively stable,whereas the gravel on exposed beaches may be continuouslyre-distributed.6.7 Cobble BeachesCobble beaches are composed ofmaterials ranging from 64 to 256 mm. Cobble
35、 beaches arerelatively stable, unless the beach is exposed to high seas.Cobble beaches will retain the most oil of all types of beachesbecause of the large interstitial spaces.6.8 Boulder/Rocky BeachesBoulder or rocky beaches arecomposed of materials larger than 256 mm (boulders) orbedrock. Despite
36、the large interstitial spaces, they do not retainF1872052as much oil as cobble beaches, generally because the interstitialspaces are large enough to permit run-off. Retention is muchgreater, however, than that for several other types of beaches.The slope of the shore can range from vertical rock wal
37、l to agently sloping or nearly flat platform. The nature of the entireintertidal environment is controlled primarily by the waveenergy. Similarly, the biological abundance usually corre-sponds to the energy regime. High-energy shorelines typicallyhave less biota than low-energy shorelines. The reten
38、tion ofoils varies with the energy. High-energy shorelines are gener-ally self-cleaning.6.9 Coastal Salt MarshesCoastal salt marshes are inter-tidal wetlands, transitional zones between terrestrial andaquatic ecosystems. Salt marshes are generally formed whenplants invade shallow, protected tidal fl
39、ats on low coastal lands.Typically, soil immersion occurs during about half of the tidalcycle. Salt marshes are low-energy environments in which oilis generally trapped and retained. Salt marshes are veryimportant ecologically and generally are very fragile environ-ments.6.10 Freshwater MarshesFresh
40、water marshes are theequivalent of saltwater marshes and are generally found at thefringe of a lake or river. Retention of oil is again high and dueto the low energy, self-cleaning is minimal.6.11 Ponds and SloughsPonds and sloughs are freshwaterbodies that have little or no water circulation. These
41、 waterbodies are characterized by high-oil retentivity as often there isdense vegetation that can retain oil.6.12 Lake ShoresLakes are freshwater bodies that canhave shorelines very similar to sea shores.6.13 River ShoresRiver shores may be similar to their seashore counterparts. Specific types shou
42、ld be compared to thatof sea shores.6.14 Man-Made StructuresMan-made structures includepiers, docks, breakwaters, boat ramps, dykes, etc. The reten-tivity and porosity of such structures vary with the type ofconstruction material.7. General Operational and EnvironmentalConsiderations for Use of Shor
43、eline Cleaning Agents7.1 The tradeoff between leaving the oil on the shoreline orremoving it by perhaps more intrusive means, and the use ofthe treating agent is the primary consideration. The use ofdispersing shoreline cleaning agents involves the additionalconsideration of the fate and effects of
44、the oil in the aquaticenvironment.7.2 The aquatic toxicity of the treating agent and the oil is ofconcern for dispersing shoreline cleaning agents. These typesof shoreline cleaning agents require the same considerations asnoted for dispersants in the Referenced Documents.7.3 The effectiveness of a s
45、horeline cleaning agent may notbe the same in fresh water as in salt water.7.4 Non-dispersing shoreline cleaning agents are usuallyused to remove oil from the shoreline and the oil is thenrecovered. The oil spill recovery potential off a given shorelinemust then be considered.7.5 An agent is most ef
46、fective when it has ample time topenetrate into the oil. Thirty minutes or more of soaking orpenetration time are recommended (1).7.6 After treatment, the oil may be removed using low-pressure water hoses (1,2).8. Considerations for Specific Types of Environment8.1 Shorelines GenerallySince shorelin
47、es vary exten-sively in sensitivity, oil retentivity, and environmental impor-tance, a general recommendation cannot be made. Each spe-cific environment should be considered separately. Animportant consideration is the net environmental benefit ofusing the chemical beach cleaner versus leaving the o
48、il on theshoreline or using other cleanup methods.8.2 SeagrassesSeagrasses can be treated with shorelinecleaning agents to remove oil. The agents toxicity to theseagrass should be assessed before usage. Testing of sometypes of treating agents have shown relatively good success.Care must be taken to
49、avoid physically disturbing the seagrasses during the cleanup operations, which can do moredamage than the oil (18,19).8.3 MangrovesOil can be removed from the extensiveroot system using shoreline treating agents, which may savethe mangroves or significantly reduce damage to them. Accessto perform the operations may be difficult. Experimental datashows that up to 50 % of the mangroves can be saved if treatedwithin 7 days (17).8.4 Tidal FlatsTidal flats do not often require cleaning,because the oil does not usually retain to the substrate. If oil isretained, it can be
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