1、Designation: F1886/F1886M 09 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forDetermining Integrity of Seals for Flexible Packaging byVisual Inspection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1886/F1886M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of channels inthe package seal down t
3、o a width of 75 m 0.003 in. with a60100 % probability (see Section 8).1.1.1 The ability to visually detect channel defects inpackage seals is highly dependent on the size of channel, thedegree of contrast from sealed and unsealed areas, the amountand type of adhesive between the two package layers,
4、reflect-ing light angle, types of material used, the use of magnification,and the inspectors level of training and experience.1.2 This test method is applicable to packages with at leastone transparent side so that the seal area may be clearlyviewed.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-p
5、ound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to
6、 address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F17 Termi
7、nology Relating to Flexible Barrier Packaging3. Terminology3.1 For terminology related to flexible barrier packaging,see Terminology F17.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method provides a qualitative (accept/reject)visual inspection method to evaluate the appearance character-istics of unopene
8、d, intact seals in order to determine thepresence of defects that may affect the integrity of the package.5. Significance and Use5.1 Seal attributes can be linked directly to a number ofvariables in process parameters, equipment, or material, as wellas environmental (room temperature and relative hu
9、midity).Visual seal characteristics and defects can provide evidence ofpackage integrity and production sealing problems.5.2 Visual seal defects often will be the first indication ofheat sealing process variation. They also will indicate a lack of,or potential compromise to, package integrity after
10、physicalpackage performance testing.6. Apparatus6.1 Illuminant, lighting arrangements to give about 540lumens/m250 fc of white light or daylight on the specimens.6.2 Indelible Marking Pen.7. Procedure7.1 Visual acuity shall be such that the inspection of the sealmay be performed at a distance of 30
11、to 45 cm 12 to 18 in.NOTE 1Magnification devices, such as eyeloops, may be used as ananalytical tool to characterize identified seal defects.7.2 Inspect the entire sealed area of the package for com-pleteness and uniformity.NOTE 2Different package sizes and shapes may require differinglengths of tim
12、e to adequately inspect the entire seal perimeter. Any timerequirement associated with visual inspection should allow for completeseal inspection.NOTE 3Some packaging materials and adhesives may fluoresce underultraviolet light. Viewing the seal area in a UV light box will enhance thesealed-to-unsea
13、led area contrast, and provide for easier defect identifica-tion.7.3 Identify and record any part of the seal where channelsappear. Mark the location of the channels.NOTE 4All other assessed defects (refer to Appendix X1) should becategorized according to user defined accept/reject criteria. Define
14、the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F02 on FlexibleBarrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.40 onPackage Integrity.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in
15、 2009 as F1886/F1886M 09.DOI: 10.1520/F1886_F1886M-09R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copy
16、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1actions to be taken in the event defects are detected during normalproduction runs.7.4 Record the number and location of channels identifiedon each package.NOTE 5If confirmation of channels
17、or incomplete seal areas inpeelable packages is necessary, hand peel such suspected packagecompletely separating the two material components and inspect the sealarea of the transferred adhesive for the same incomplete seal attributes asthe unopened package. Care should be taken to ensure a smoothcon
18、tinuous peeling motion so as not to cause any extraneous attributes.Heat seals should be cooled to ambient conditions before peeling open toallow for adhesive bonding to the opposite substrate to occur.In some instances, a channel or unsealed area may be observed onlyafter the package is peeled open
19、. Adhesive transfer is a qualitativemeasure of a materials ability to release the coating rather than conclusiveevidence that the seal has not been made. It is possible to have continuousseal integrity but fail to give complete transfer. This is because the coatingmay have a stronger affinity for th
20、e substrate on which it is coated ratherthan the one to which it is sealed. In such cases, an additional physical sealintegrity test may be required to confirm if it is an unsealed area.8. Precision and Bias38.1 A round robin study was conducted in 1997, whichincluded ten laboratories, four package
21、types, and two differentchannel sizes randomly produced with 75 m 0.003 in. and125 m 0.005 in. diameter wire. The negative control consistsof the same type packages produced with no channels. The fourdifferent types of packages are:8.1.1 Open pouchclear film/coated paper;8.1.2 Open pouchclear film/u
22、ncoated TYVEK4;8.1.3 Sealed blisterblue tinted blister/coated TYVEK;and,8.1.4 Open end pouchclear film/clear film (clear seal).8.2 The results of this study are pass or fail; therefore, thedata is binomial with an expected average of np and anexpected variance of npq where n is the number of samples
23、, pis the probability of an incorrect evaluation, and q is theprobability of a correct evaluation. A statistical analysis of thedata by means of a contingency table show significant differ-ences between all factors presented in the tables at a confidencelevel of better than 99 %. The results are pre
24、sented in Tables1-4.8.3 A pass/fail test method has no bias.9. Keywords9.1 channels; minimum seal width; spotty seals; sterilepackage integrity; visual seal inspection3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:F02-1013.4TYV
25、EK is a trademark of Dupont, Wilmington DE.TABLE 1 Percent Incorrect by LaboratoryLab SamplesInspectedIncorrectAnalysisPercent (%)Incorrect1 117 0 0.002 117 24 20.513 117 5 4.274 117 17 14.535 117 5 4.276 117 12 10.267 117 9 7.698 117 18 15.389 117 26 22.2210 117 10 8.55TABLE 2 Percent Incorrect by
26、MaterialMaterialSamplesInspectedIncorrectAnalysisPercent (%)IncorrectFilm paper 300 14 4.67Film TYVEK 300 38 12.67PETG/TYVEK 290 59 20.34Film/film 280 15 5.36TABLE 3 Percent Incorrect by Defect TypeDefect TypeSamplesInspectedIncorrectAnalysisPercent(%) IncorrectNo channels 370 20 5.4175 m channel 40
27、0 83 20.75125 m channel 400 23 5.75TABLE 4 Percent Correct by Material and Defect TypeMaterial Defect TypeSamplesInspectedCorrectAnalysisPercent (%)CorrectFilm/paper none 100 97 9775 m 100 89 89125 m 100 100 100Film/TYVEK none 100 97 9775 m 100 69 69125 m 100 96 96PETG/TYVEK none 90 88 9875 m 100 60
28、 60125 M 100 83 83Film/film none 80 68 8575 m 100 99 99125 m 100 98 98F1886/F1886M 09 (2013)2APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. VISUAL SEAL APPEARANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND PROBABLE CAUSESX1.1 This appendix will serve to review some of thecommon seal appearance characteristics that may occur andsom
29、e common reasons for that occurrence. Specifications forthese seal characteristics need to be established by individualorganizations for their specific product and package styles.Each requirement should be established with appropriaterationale and necessary supporting documentation.X1.2 Unsealed Are
30、asAn unsealed area occurs when aheat seal is never made to the package or when a seal has beenmade to a package and is later ruptured. Causes to this probleminclude misalignment of package to seal bar or platen, mis-alignment of the seal bar or platen to the mating seal surface,foreign matter undern
31、eath the seal bar or platen preventing aseal, or damage to the seal bar or platen that prevents the seal.There also can be foreign contamination on the packagingmaterials that prevents a seal from being made. Seal rupturecan occur due to internal or external forces placed on the sealdue to steriliza
32、tion conditions, weight of product, stressfulhandling of the package, and so forth. The visual characteris-tics of a package that has never been sealed versus one that hasbeen sealed, and subsequently opened, are very different, anddepend on the material substrates being examined.X1.3 Nonhomogeneous
33、 or Undersealed AreasThis occurswhen a heat seal is made, and may not have adequate strengthdue to incorrect process parameters, such as temperature,pressure, or dwell. Insufficient sealing temperature either toomuch, too little, or unevenly applied pressure; too short aprocess time; or, excessive m
34、aterial thickness variation aresome of the conditions that may cause seals to appear to bespotty or mottled. A spotty or mottled appearance may be afunction of the adhesive properties, as well. This attribute maybe in varying degrees of severity and should be categorizedbased on appearance and wheth
35、er package integrity can bemaintained. Often it is easier to see this type of defect under amagnifying light or UV light box.X1.4 Oversealed AreasA combination of too much heat,pressure, or dwell time may cause oversealing to the point thatit may cause packaging components to melt and become brittle
36、and susceptible to cracking. When TYVEK spunbonded poly-olefin or a similar porous material is one of the substrates, thiscondition often is seen as a transparent or translucent sealwhere the material fibers are fused. This may become evidentthrough an evaluation for pinholes or cracks along the sea
37、l.Another result of oversealing may be a spotty or incompletelooking seal where, in this case, the heat seal adhesive isoverheated and flows into the porous fiber structure of thematerial.X1.5 Narrow SealsThis may occur either during thesealing process or as a result of seal creep or partial rupture
38、 ofthe seal due to environmental stresses. Misalignment of thepackage under the sealing die, skewed packaging components,bulging product, or misalignment of cutters/slitters during thetrimming operation are a few causes that may occur during thesealing process. Seal creep may be a result of the ster
39、ilizationprocess or stressed seals at temperature extremes. Impact alsomay cause the seals to partially rupture. The width of packageseals need to be compared to individually defined specificationlimits to ensure the package will maintain its integrity throughthe expected sterilization, handling, an
40、d distribution systems.X1.6 Channels This is seen as an unsealed pathwayacross the entire width of the intended seal. Causes forchannels have been discussed above in X1.2.X1.7 Wrinkles/Foldovers/Cracks Foldovers occur when amaterial is folded over prior to the seal being formed. In somesituations th
41、e seal may be of adequate strength to form acomplete seal. In other situations there may not be adequatestrength, and a channel results. Wrinkles and cracks occur aftera seal is formed and are caused by the handling of the package.Generally, this occurs with flexible substrates. These too canresult
42、in a channel through the entire seal. These types ofcharacteristics often are hard to judge by visual inspectionalone and need to be further evaluated by alternate means suchas dye penetration.X1.8 Tears/Pinholes These typically occur within thematerial substrates, rather than the seal itself. Visua
43、l inspectionmay or may not detect tears or pinholes. Further evaluationmay be required if visual inspection is not adequate todetermine acceptability. Light box inspection or physicalpackage integrity tests may be appropriate.F1886/F1886M 09 (2013)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the
44、 validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is
45、 subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Hea
46、dquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This st
47、andard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F1886/F1886M 09 (2013)4
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