1、Designation:F193011 Designation: F1930 12Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for ProtectionAgainst Flash Fire Simulations Using an InstrumentedManikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1930; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human
3、skin burn injury for single layer garments or protective clothingensembles mounted on a stationary instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environmenthaving controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2(2 ca
4、l/scm2), withdurations up to 20 seconds.1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid inunderstanding the overall performance of the garment or protective ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury resultscan be interpr
5、eted.1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects wereexposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire bodyexcept for the hands and feet. The hands and feet
6、 are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested usingthe specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of
7、 materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This method is not a fire-test-response test met
8、hod.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversionsto inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.1.8 This standard does not purport to address
9、 all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards
10、for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1835 Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) GasesD5219 Terminology Relating to Body Dimensions for Apparel SizingE177 Practice for Use of the Ter
11、ms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE511 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux TransducerE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 AATCC
12、Standards:3Test Method 135 Dimensional Changes of Fabrics after Home Laundering1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.Current edition approved Feb. 1,
13、2011.2012. Published March 2011.February 2012. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20082011 asF1930-00(2008). DOI:10.1520/F193011.F1930 - 11. DOI:10.1520/F193012.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at servi
14、ceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.1This document is no
15、t an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriat
16、e. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Test Method 158 Dimensional Changes on Dry-Cleaning in Perchloroeth
17、ylene: Machine Method2.3 Canadian Standards:4CAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 58-M90 Textile Test Methods Colorfastness and Dimensional Change in Domestic Laundering of TextilesCAN/CGSB-3.14 M88 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane)2.4 NFPA Standards:5NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code, 2009 EditionNFPA 58 Liquefied Petrol
18、eum Gas Code 2008 EditionNFPA 85 Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code, 2007 EditionNFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 2007 Edition3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method use the following documents. For terms related to textiles refer toTerminology D123, for t
19、erms related to protective clothing refer to Terminology F1494 and for terms related to body dimensionsrefer to Terminology D5219.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 burn injury, nthermal damage which occurs to human skin at various depths and is a function of local temperature andtime.3.2.1.1 DiscussionBurn inju
20、ry in human tissue occurs when the tissue is heated above a critical temperature (44C (317.15K) or 111F). Thermal burn damage to human tissue depends on the magnitude of the temperature rise above the critical value andthe duration that the temperature is above the critical value. The degree of burn
21、 injury (second or third degree) depends on themaximum depth within the skin layers to which tissue damage occurs. The first-degree burn injury is considered minor relativeto second-degree and third-degree burn injuries. It is not included in the evaluation of test specimens in this test method (see
22、Appendix X1).3.2.2 fire exposure, nin the fire testing of clothing, the fire exposure is a propane-air diffusion flame with a controlled heatflux and spatial distribution, engulfing the manikin for a controlled duration.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe flames are generated by propane jet diffusion burners. Eac
23、h burner produces a reddish-orange flamewith accompanying black smoke (soot).3.2.3 flame distribution, nin the fire testing of clothing, a spatial distribution of incident flames from burners to provide acontrolled heat flux over the surface area of the manikin.3.2.4 instrumented manikin, na structu
24、re designed and constructed to represent an adult-size human and which is fitted withthermal energy (heat flux) sensors on its surface.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe manikin is fabricated to specified dimensions from a high temperature resistant material. Theinstrumented manikin used in fire testing of cloth
25、ing is fitted with at least 100 thermal energy (heat flux) sensors, distributed overthe manikin surface. The feet and hands are not normally fitted with sensors. If the feet and hands are equipped with sensors, itis up to the user to define a procedure to interpret the results.3.2.5 predicted second
26、-degree burn injury, nin the fire testing of clothing, a calculated second-degree burn injury to skinbased on measurements made with a thermal energy sensor.3.2.5.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this standard, predicted second-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injury modelparameters (see Sec
27、tion 12 and Appendix X1). Some laboratories assign an area to each sensor over which the same burn injuryprediction is assumed to occur, others do not.3.2.6 predicted third-degree burn injury, nin the fire testing of clothing, a calculated third-degree burn injury to skin basedon measurements made w
28、ith a thermal energy sensor.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this standard, predicted third-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injury modelparameters (see Section 12 and Appendix X1). Some laboratories assign an area to each sensor over which the same burn injuryprediction is assumed to
29、occur, others do not.3.2.7 predicted total burn injury, nin the fire testing of clothing, the manikin surface area represented by all thermal energysensors registering a predicted second-degree or predicted third-degree burn injury, expressed as a percentage.3.2.8 second-degree burn injury, nin the
30、fire testing of clothing, complete necrosis (living cell death) of the epidermis skinlayer.3.2.9 thermal energy sensor, na device capable of measuring directly the incident heat flux at its surface or one which givesan output which is used to calculate the incident heat flux.3.2.9.1 DiscussionTypes
31、of sensors which have been used successfully include slug calorimeters, surface and buriedtemperature measurements and thin film heat flux gauges. Some types of sensors approximate the thermal inertia of human skinand some do not. The known sensors in current use have relatively small detection area
32、s. An assumption is made for the purposesof this method that thermal energy measured in these small areas can be extrapolated to larger surrounding surface areas so that4Available from Standards Council of Canada, Suite 1200, 45 OConor St., Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6N7.5Available from National Fire Prot
33、ection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.F1930 122the overall manikin surface can be approximated by a minimum number of sensors. The resulting sensors predicted burn injuryapplies to the extrapolated coverage area. Some laboratories assign different
34、coverage areas to each sensor over which the sameburn injury prediction is assumed to apply, others do not (see 6.2.1.1).3.2.10 thermal protection, nthe property that characterizes the overall performance of a garment or protective clothingensemble relative to how it retards the transfer of heat tha
35、t is sufficient to cause a predicted second-degree or predicted third-degreeburn injury.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThermal protection of a garment or ensemble and the consequential predicted burn injury (second-degreeand third-degree), is quantified from the response of the thermal energy sensors and use of
36、 the skin burn injury prediction model.In addition to the calculated results, the physical response and degradation of the garment or protective clothing ensemble is anobservable phenomenon useful in understanding garment or protective clothing ensemble thermal protection.3.2.11 third-degree burn in
37、jury, nin the fire testing of clothing, complete necrosis (living cell death) of the epidermis anddermis skin layers.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance of singlelayer garments or protective clot
38、hing ensembles mounted on a stationary instrumented manikin. The conditioned test specimen isplaced on the instrumented manikin at ambient atmospheric conditions and exposed to a propane-air diffusion flame withcontrolled heat flux, flame distribution and duration. The average exposure heat flux is
39、84 kW/m2(2 cal/scm2) with durations upto 20 seconds.4.2 The test procedure, data acquisition, calculation of results and preparation of parts of the test report are performed withcomputer hardware and software programs. The complexity of the test method requires a high degree of technical expertise
40、in thetest setup and operation of the instrumented manikin and the associated data collection and analysis software.4.3 Thermal energy transferred through and from the test specimen during and after the exposure is measured by thermal energysensors. The sensors are located at the surface of the mani
41、kin. They are used to measure the thermal energy absorbed as a functionof time over a preset time interval. A computer based data acquisition system is used to store the time varying output from thesensors.4.4 Computer software uses the stored data to calculate the heat flux and its variation with t
42、ime at the surface of each sensor.The calculated heat flux and its variation with time at the surface is used to calculate the temperature within human skin andsubcutaneous layers (adipose) as a function of time. The temperature history within the skin and subcutaneous layers (adipose) isused to pre
43、dict the onset and severity of human skin burn injury. The computer software calculates the predicted second-degreeand predicted third-degree burn injury and the total predicted burn injury resulting from the exposure.4.5 The overall percentage of predicted second-degree, predicted third-degree and
44、predicted total burn injury is calculated bydividing the total number of sensors indicating each of these conditions by the total number of sensors on the manikin. Alternately,the overall percentages are calculated using sensor area weighted techniques for facilities with non-uniform sensor coverage
45、. Areporting is also made of the above conditions where the areas that are uncovered by the test specimen are excluded. This testmethod does not include the 12 % of body surface area represented by the unsensored manikin feet and hands. No correctionsare applied for their exclusion.4.6 The visual an
46、d physical changes to the test specimen are recorded to aid in understanding overall performance and how theresulting burn injury results can be interpreted.4.7 Identification of the test specimen, test conditions, comments and remarks about the test purpose, and response of the testspecimen to the
47、exposure are recorded and are included as part of the report.4.8 The performance of the test specimen is indicated by the calculated burn injury area and subjective observations of materialresponse to the test exposure.4.9 Appendix X1 contains a general description of human burn injury, its calculat
48、ion and historical notes.5. Significance and Use5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, andsystems to a specified fire exposure (see 3.2.2, 4.1, 10.1.3, and 10.1.4).5.1.1 This test method does not simulate high radiant
49、 exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, sometypes of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.5.2 This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikinof specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothingensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material performance.5.2.1 This test
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