1、Designation: F1930 12F1930 13Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for ProtectionAgainst Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1930; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury
3、for single layer garments or protective clothingensembles mounted on a stationary instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environmenthaving controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/scm2), withdur
4、ations up to 20 seconds.1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid inunderstanding the overall performance of the garment or protective ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury resultscan be interpreted.1.3 The ski
5、n burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects wereexposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire bodyexcept for the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not include
6、d in the skin burn injury prediction.1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested usingthe specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, prod
7、ucts, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This method is not a fire-test-response test method.1.7 The valu
8、es stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversionsto inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safe
9、ty concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous.Adequate safeguards for personnel and
10、 property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1835 Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) GasesD5219 Terminology Relating to Body Dimensions for Apparel SizingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and
11、Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE511 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux TransducerE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing1 This test method is under
12、 the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012Feb. 1, 2013. Published February 2012February 2013. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous editio
13、n approved in 20112012as F1930 - 11.F1930 - 12. DOI:10.1520/F193012.DOI:10.1520/F193013.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summar
14、y page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends t
15、hat users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 AATCC Standards:3
16、Test Method 135 Dimensional Changes of Fabrics after Home LaunderingTest Method 158 Dimensional Changes on Dry-Cleaning in Perchloroethylene: Machine Method2.3 Canadian Standards:4CAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 58-M90 Textile Test Methods Colorfastness and Dimensional Change in Domestic Laundering of TextilesCAN/
17、CGSB-3.14 M88 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane)2.4 NFPA Standards:5NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code, 2009 EditionNFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code 2008 EditionNFPA 85 Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code, 2007 EditionNFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 2007 Edition3. Terminology3.1 For d
18、efinitions of terms used in this test method use the following documents. For terms related to textiles refer toTerminology D123, for terms related to protective clothing refer to Terminology F1494 and for terms related to body dimensionsrefer to Terminology D5219.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 burn injury,
19、nthermal damage which occurs to human skin at various depths and is a function of local temperature andtime.3.2.1.1 DiscussionBurn injury in human tissue occurs when the tissue is heated above a critical temperature (44C (317.15 K) or 111F). Thermalburn damage to human tissue depends on the magnitud
20、e of the temperature rise above the critical value and the duration that thetemperature is above the critical value. The degree of burn injury (second or third degree) depends on the maximum depth withinthe skin layers to which tissue damage occurs. The first-degree burn injury is considered minor r
21、elative to second-degree andthird-degree burn injuries. It is not included in the evaluation of test specimens in this test method (see Appendix X1).3.2.2 fire exposure, nin the fire testing of clothing, the fire exposure is a propane-air diffusion flame with a controlled heatflux and spatial distri
22、bution, engulfing the manikin for a controlled duration.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe flames are generated by propane jet diffusion burners. Each burner produces a reddish-orange flame with accompanying blacksmoke (soot).3.2.3 flame distribution, nin the fire testing of clothing, a spatial distribution of i
23、ncident flames from burners to provide acontrolled heat flux over the surface area of the manikin.3.2.4 instrumented manikin, na structure designed and constructed to represent an adult-size human and which is fitted withthermal energy (heat flux) sensors on its surface.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe manikin
24、 is fabricated to specified dimensions from a high temperature resistant material. The instrumented manikin used infire testing of clothing is fitted with at least 100 thermal energy (heat flux) sensors, distributed over the manikin surface. The feetand hands are not normally fitted with sensors. If
25、 the feet and hands are equipped with sensors, it is up to the user to define aprocedure to interpret the results.3.2.5 predicted second-degree burn injury, nin the fire testing of clothing, a calculated second-degree burn injury to skin basedon measurements made with a thermal energy sensor.3.2.5.1
26、 Discussion3 Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.4 Available from Standards Council of Canada, Suite 1200, 45 OConor St., Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6N7.5 Available from National Fire Protectio
27、n Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.F1930 132For the purposes of this standard, predicted second-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injury model parameters (see Section12 and Appendix X1). Some laboratories assign an area to each sensor over wh
28、ich the same burn injury prediction is assumed tooccur, others do not.3.2.6 predicted third-degree burn injury, nin the fire testing of clothing, a calculated third-degree burn injury to skin basedon measurements made with a thermal energy sensor.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this standard,
29、predicted third-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injury model parameters (see Section12 and Appendix X1). Some laboratories assign an area to each sensor over which the same burn injury prediction is assumed tooccur, others do not.3.2.7 predicted total burn injury, nin the fire testing of c
30、lothing, the manikin surface area represented by all thermal energysensors registering a predicted second-degree or predicted third-degree burn injury, expressed as a percentage.3.2.8 second-degree burn injury, nin the fire testing of clothing, complete necrosis (living cell death) of the epidermis
31、skinlayer.3.2.9 thermal energy sensor, na device capable of measuring directly the incident heat flux at its surface or one which givesan output which is used to calculate the incident heat flux.3.2.9.1 DiscussionTypes of sensors which have been used successfully include slug calorimeters, surface a
32、nd buried temperature measurements andthin film heat flux gauges. Some types of sensors approximate the thermal inertia of human skin and some do not. The knownsensors in current use have relatively small detection areas. An assumption is made for the purposes of this method that thermalenergy measu
33、red in these small areas can be extrapolated to larger surrounding surface areas so that the overall manikin surfacecan be approximated by a minimum number of sensors. The resulting sensors predicted burn injury applies to the extrapolatedcoverage area. Some laboratories assign different coverage ar
34、eas to each sensor over which the same burn injury prediction isassumed to apply, others do not (see 6.2.1.1).3.2.10 thermal protection, nthe property that characterizes the overall performance of a garment or protective clothingensemble relative to how it retards the transfer of heat that is suffic
35、ient to cause a predicted second-degree or predicted third-degreeburn injury.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThermal protection of a garment or ensemble and the consequential predicted burn injury (second-degree and third-degree), isquantified from the response of the thermal energy sensors and use of the skin b
36、urn injury prediction model. In addition to thecalculated results, the physical response and degradation of the garment or protective clothing ensemble is an observablephenomenon useful in understanding garment or protective clothing ensemble thermal protection.3.2.11 third-degree burn injury, nin t
37、he fire testing of clothing, complete necrosis (living cell death) of the epidermis anddermis skin layers.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance of singlelayer garments or protective clothing ensemb
38、les mounted on a stationary instrumented manikin. The conditioned test specimen isplaced on the instrumented manikin at ambient atmospheric conditions and exposed to a propane-air diffusion flame withcontrolled heat flux, flame distribution and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2
39、 cal/scm2) with durations upto 20 seconds.4.2 The test procedure, data acquisition, calculation of results and preparation of parts of the test report are performed withcomputer hardware and software programs. The complexity of the test method requires a high degree of technical expertise in thetest
40、 setup and operation of the instrumented manikin and the associated data collection and analysis software.4.3 Thermal energy transferred through and from the test specimen during and after the exposure is measured by thermal energysensors. The sensors are located at the surface of the manikin. They
41、are used to measure the thermal energy absorbed as a functionof time over a preset time interval. A computer based data acquisition system is used to store the time varying output from thesensors.4.4 Computer software uses the stored data to calculate the heat flux and its variation with time at the
42、 surface of each sensor.The calculated heat flux and its variation with time at the surface is used to calculate the temperature within human skin andF1930 133subcutaneous layers (adipose) as a function of time. The temperature history within the skin and subcutaneous layers (adipose) isused to pred
43、ict the onset and severity of human skin burn injury. The computer software calculates the predicted second-degreeand predicted third-degree burn injury and the total predicted burn injury resulting from the exposure.4.5 The overall percentage of predicted second-degree, predicted third-degree and p
44、redicted total burn injury is calculated bydividing the total number of sensors indicating each of these conditions by the total number of sensors on the manikin.Alternately,the overall percentages are calculated using sensor area weighted techniques for facilities with non-uniform sensor coverage.
45、Areporting is also made of the above conditions where the areas that are uncovered by the test specimen are excluded. excluded (see13.5.1 and 13.5.2). This test method does not include the 12 % of body surface area represented by the unsensored manikin feetand hands. No corrections are applied for t
46、heir exclusion.4.6 The visual and physical changes to the test specimen are recorded to aid in understanding overall performance and how theresulting burn injury results can be interpreted.4.7 Identification of the test specimen, test conditions, comments and remarks about the test purpose, and resp
47、onse of the testspecimen to the exposure are recorded and are included as part of the report.4.8 The performance of the test specimen is indicated by the calculated burn injury area and subjective observations of materialresponse to the test exposure.4.9 Appendix X1 contains a general description of
48、 human burn injury, its calculation and historical notes.5. Significance and Use5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, andsystems to a specified fire exposure (see 3.2.2, 4.1, 10.1.3, and 10.1.4).5.1.1 This test metho
49、d does not simulate high radiant exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, sometypes of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.5.2 This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikinof specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothingensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for m
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