1、Designation: F1930 15Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for ProtectionAgainst Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1930; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted humanskin burn injury for singl
3、e layer garments or protective clothingensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented mani-kin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fireenvironment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution,and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2(2cal/scm2), with durat
4、ions up to 20 seconds.1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single layergarment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid inunderstanding the overall performance of the garment orprotective clothing ensemble and how the predicted humanskin burn injury results can be interpreted.1.3 Th
5、e skin burn injury prediction is based on a limitednumber of experiments where the forearms of human subjectswere exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearminformation for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to theentire body of the manikin, except the hands and feet. Thehands and feet a
6、re not included in the skin burn injuryprediction.1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted canonly apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) testedusing the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of mate
7、rials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire-hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This method is not a fire-test-response test method.1.
8、7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly usedfor thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units forconvenience.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of t
9、hesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for pe
10、rsonnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1835 Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) GasesD3776/D3776M Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area(Weight) of FabricD5219 Terminology Relating to Body D
11、imensions for Ap-parel SizingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Usinga Thermal Capacitance (Slug) CalorimeterE511 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux TransducerE
12、691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE2683 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Flush-Mounted Insert Temperature-Gradient GagesF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 AATCC Standards:3Test Method 135 Dimensional Changes of F
13、abrics afterHome LaunderingTest Method 158 Dimensional Changes on Dry-Cleaning inPerchloroethylene: Machine Method1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.
14、Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2015. Published March 2015. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as F1930 - 13.DOI:10.1520/F193015.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
15、of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
16、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 Canadian Standards:4CAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 58-M90 Textile Test Methods Color-fastness and Dimensional Change in Domestic Launder-ing of TextilesCAN/CGSB-3.14 M88 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane)2.4 NFPA Standards:5NFPA 54 National Fuel G
17、as Code, 2009 EditionNFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code 2008 EditionNFPA 85 Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code,2007 EditionNFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 1999 Edition3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method use thefollowing documents. For terms related
18、to textiles refer toTerminology D123, for terms related to protective clothingrefer to Terminology F1494 and for terms related to bodydimensions refer to Terminology D5219.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 burn injury, nthermal damage which occurs tohuman skin at various depths and is a function of localtempera
19、ture and time.3.2.1.1 DiscussionBurn injury in human tissue occurswhen the tissue is heated above a critical temperature (44C(317.15 K) or 111F). Thermal burn damage to human tissuedepends on the magnitude of the temperature rise above thecritical value and the duration that the temperature is above
20、 thecritical value. Thus damage can occur during both the heatingand cooling phases of an exposure. The degree of burn injury(second or third degree) depends on the maximum depth withinthe skin layers to which tissue damage occurs. The first-degreeburn injury is considered minor relative to second-d
21、egree andthird-degree burn injuries. It is not included in the evaluation oftest specimens in this test method (see Appendix X1).3.2.2 fire exposure, nin the fire testing of clothing, the fireexposure is a propane-air diffusion flame with a controlled heatflux and spatial distribution, engulfing the
22、 manikin for acontrolled duration.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe flames are generated by propanejet diffusion burners. Each burner produces a reddish-orangeflame with accompanying black smoke (soot).3.2.3 flame distribution, nin the fire testing of clothing, aspatial distribution of incident flames from burn
23、ers to providea controlled heat flux over the surface area of the manikin.3.2.4 heat flux, nthe heat flow rate through a surface ofunit area perpendicular to the direction of heat flow (kW/m2)(cal/scm2).3.2.4.1 DiscussionTwo different heat fluxes are referred toin this test method: incident and abso
24、rbed. The incident heatflux refers to the energy striking the nude manikin, or theexterior fo the test specimen when mounted on the manikin,during flame engulfment. The absorbed heat flux refers to onlythe portion of the incident heat flux which is absorbed by eachthermal energy sensor based on its
25、absorption characteristics.The incident heat flux is used in setting the required exposureconditions while the absorbed heat flux is used in calculatingthe predicted skin burn injury.3.2.5 instrumented manikin, nin the fire testing ofclothing, a structure designed and constructed to represent anadul
26、t-size human and which is fitted with thermal energy (heatflux) sensors on its surface.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe manikin is fabricated to specifieddimensions from a high temperature resistant material (see6.1). The instrumented manikin used in fire testing of clothingis fitted with at least 100 thermal
27、energy sensors, distributedover the manikin surface. The feet and hands are not normallyfitted with sensors. If the feet and hands are equipped withsensors, it is up to the user to define a procedure to interpret theresults.3.2.6 predicted second-degree burn injury, na calculatedsecond-degree burn i
28、njury to skin based on measurementsmade with a thermal energy sensor.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this standard, pre-dicted second-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injurymodel parameters (see Section 12 and Appendix X1). Somelaboratories assign an area to each sensor over which the
29、 sameburn injury prediction is assumed to occur, others do not.3.2.7 predicted third-degree burn injury, na calculatedthird-degree burn injury to skin based on measurements madewith a thermal energy sensor.3.2.7.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this standard, pre-dicted third-degree burn injury is de
30、fined by the burn injurymodel parameters (see Section 12 and Appendix X1). Somelaboratories assign an area to each sensor over which the sameburn injury prediction is assumed to occur, others do not.3.2.8 predicted total burn injury, nin the fire testing ofclothing, the manikin surface area represen
31、ted by all thermalenergy sensors registering a predicted second-degree or pre-dicted third-degree burn injury, expressed as a percentage (see13.5).3.2.9 second-degree burn injury, ncomplete necrosis (liv-ing cell death) of the epidermis skin layer (see Appendix X1).3.2.10 thermal energy sensor, na d
32、evice which producesan output suitable for calculating incident and absorbed heatfluxes.3.2.10.1 DiscussionTypes of sensors which have beenused successfully include slug calorimeters, surface and buriedtemperature measurements and circular foil heat flux gauges.Some types of sensors approximate the
33、thermal inertia ofhuman skin and some do not. The known sensors in current usehave relatively small detection areas. An assumption is madefor the purposes of this method that thermal energy measuredin these small areas can be extrapolated to larger surroundingsurface areas so that the overall maniki
34、n surface can beapproximated by a minimum number of sensors. The resultingsensor predicted burn injury applies to the extrapolated cover-age area. Some laboratories assign different coverage areas toeach sensor over which the same burn injury prediction isassumed to apply, others do not (see 6.2.2.1
35、).4Available from Standards Council of Canada, Suite 1200, 45 OConor St.,Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6N7.5Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.F1930 1523.2.11 thermal protection, nthe property that characterizesthe overall
36、 performance of a garment or protective clothingensemble relative to how it retards the transfer of heat that issufficient to cause a predicted second-degree or predictedthird-degree burn injury.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThermal protection of a garment orensemble and the consequential predicted burn injury
37、 (second-degree and third-degree), is quantified from the response of thethermal energy sensors and use of the skin burn injuryprediction model. In addition to the calculated results, thephysical response and degradation of the garment or protectiveclothing ensemble is an observable phenomenon usefu
38、l inunderstanding garment or protective clothing ensemble thermalprotection.3.2.12 third-degree burn injury, ncomplete necrosis (liv-ing cell death) of the epidermis and dermis skin layers (seeAppendix X1).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements andsubjective o
39、bservations that characterize the performance ofsingle layer garments or protective clothing ensemblesmounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin. Theconditioned test specimen is placed on the instrumentedmanikin at ambient atmospheric conditions and exposed to apropane-air diffusion flame
40、with controlled heat flux, flamedistribution and duration. The average incident heat flux is 84kW/m2(2 cal/scm2) with durations up to 20 seconds.4.2 The test procedure, data acquisition, calculation ofresults and preparation of parts of the test report are performedwith computer hardware and softwar
41、e programs. The complex-ity of the test method requires a high degree of technicalexpertise in the test setup and operation of the instrumentedmanikin and the associated data collection and analysis soft-ware.4.3 Thermal energy transferred through and from the testspecimen during and after the expos
42、ure is measured by thermalenergy sensors located at the surface of the manikin. Acomputer based data acquisition system is used to store thetime varying output from the sensors over a preset timeinterval.4.4 Computer software uses the stored data to calculate theincident heat flux and the absorbed h
43、eat flux and their variationwith time for each sensor. The calculated absorbed heat fluxand its variation with time is used to calculate the temperaturewithin human skin and subcutaneous layers (adipose) as afunction of time. The temperature history within the skin andsubcutaneous layers (adipose) i
44、s used to predict the onset andseverity of human skin burn injury. The computer softwarecalculates the predicted second-degree and predicted third-degree burn injury and the total predicted burn injury resultingfrom the exposure.4.5 The overall percentage of predicted second-degree,predicted third-d
45、egree and predicted total burn injury is calcu-lated by dividing the total number of sensors indicating each ofthese conditions by the total number of sensors on the manikin.Alternately, the overall percentages are calculated using sensorarea weighted techniques for facilities with non-uniform senso
46、rcoverage. A reporting is also made of the above conditionswhere the areas that are not covered by the test specimen areexcluded (see 13.5.1 and 13.5.2). This test method does notinclude the 12 % of body surface area represented by theunsensored manikin feet and hands. No corrections are appliedfor
47、their exclusion.4.6 The visual and physical changes to the test specimen arerecorded to aid in understanding overall performance and howthe resulting burn injury results can be interpreted.4.7 Identification of the test specimen, test conditions,comments and remarks about the test purpose, and respo
48、nse ofthe test specimen to the exposure are recorded and are includedas part of the report.4.8 The performance of the test specimen is indicated by thecalculated burn injury area, expressed as a percentage, andsubjective observations of material response to the test expo-sure.4.9 Appendix X1 contain
49、s a general description of humanburn injury, its calculation and historical notes.5. Significance and Use5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protectionprovided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles,and systems when exposed to a specified fire (see 3.2.2, 3.2.3,4.1, and 10.4).5.1.1 This test method does not simulate high radiantexposures, for example, those found in electric arc flashexposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solidfuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.5.2 This test method provides a
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