1、Designation: F 1936 07e1An American National StandardStandard Specification forShock-Absorbing Properties of North American FootballField Playing Systems as Measured in the Field1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1936; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEParagraphs 4.1 and 9.3 were editorially corrected in Ju
3、ne 2007.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers a test method and maximumimpact attenuation for all types of installed turf playingsystems for North American football. The turf playing systemtypically includes field areas within the inbounds lines andareas outside the inbounds lines extending to the s
4、port specificlimit lines as defined by the appropriate regulating body orappropriate standard, or both.All of these areas are areas wherean athlete should expect compliant impact attenuation charac-teristics.1.2 This specification is intended to establish a method toidentify and report areas within
5、an existing playing systemwhere shock-absorbing properties exceed recommendedthreshold values. Shock-absorbing values for new installationsshould be less than the maximum thresholds set herein.1.3 Site specific conditions may exist in which changes insurface type such as track surfacing or covers ov
6、er subsurfacestructures, or both, are located within the extent of the limitlines which impact characteristics in a manner that place theseconditions outside the scope of this standard.1.4 It is recognized that laboratory testing results oftenreflect optimum conditions which may not correspond to th
7、eactual site conditions. Therefore, a method of testing alongwith a maximum for impact attenuation of installed syntheticturf playing systems is addressed herein.1.5 This specification does not imply that an injury cannotbe incurred if the surface system complies with this specifica-tion.1.6 The val
8、ues stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 The following precautionary statement pertains only tothe test procedure portion, Section 9,
9、 of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to us
10、e.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 355 Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Play-ing Surface Systems and MaterialsF 1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF 1551 Test Methods for Comprehensive Characterizationof
11、 Synthetic Turf Playing Surfaces and Materials2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 65873NOTE 1Additional references are listed at the end of this specifica-tion.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 abnormal drop, nany drop of the missile which, dueto operator or equipment problem(s
12、) or uncertainty, results in areading which is questionable.3.1.2 average Gmax, nsum of the Gmaxof the second andthird drops divided by two and rounded to the nearest wholenumber.3.1.3 combination field system, nfield system which com-bines a natural turf surface which is enhanced by use ofsynthetic
13、 elements such as synthetic turf substructures, exclud-ing water/drainage systems and single layer mesh fabrics,which are used for the sole purpose of soil stabilization.3.1.4 drop height, nheight from which the missile isreleased as measured from the bottom of the missile face to thetop of the surf
14、ace system.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.65 onArtificial Turf Surfaces and Systems.Current edition approved March 15, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1998. L
15、ast previous edition approved in 1998 as F 1936 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available
16、 from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.5 drop test, nset of three successive and recordeddrops of the i
17、mpact missile onto the synthetic turf systemwithin the guidelines prescribed.3.1.6 G, nratio of magnitude of missile accelerationduring impact to the acceleration of gravity, expressed in thesame units (g, that has units, can be measured, but G, being aratio, is unitless).3.1.7 Gmax, nmaximum value
18、of G encountered during animpact rounded to the nearest whole number.3.1.8 impact velocity, nvelocity of the missile as it im-pacts the surface system.3.1.9 infill turf system, nfield system having a long pileheight and one or more substances in the face of the fabric toprovide the desired playing p
19、roperties of the system.3.1.9.1 DiscussionInfill substances can be either sand,rubber, or other substances, or a combination of items.3.1.10 limit lines, nlimits beyond the inbound boundariesthat represent the extent to which the out of bounds areasshould remain free of hazards and obstructions and
20、where anathlete may anticipate consistent surface characteristics.3.1.10.1 DiscussionThese limits are defined by the appro-priate governing body or regulating standard for each specificsport.3.1.11 missile, nstriking part of the testing apparatus.3.1.12 natural grass field system, nfield system whic
21、h iscomprised of live and growing grass or other plant likematerials which are rooted in soil.3.1.13 pile, nsurface texture composed of many indi-vidual thin strands or groups of strands bound to a backingfabric in a repetitive array.3.1.14 pile layover, nhorizontal motion of the pile underthe influ
22、ence of impact.3.1.15 restraining ring, nrigid circular device with asmooth or polished surface, creating little or no friction, usedto restrict the horizontal movement of the missile upon impact.3.1.16 synthetic turf field system, ncomposite of syntheticcontact surface material, any fill material u
23、sed in the contactsurface, energy absorbing material, fabric layers, adhesives, ifany, and other constructed layers (as applicable to the indi-vidual system construction).3.1.17 test point, nlocation on the field system at which aseries of measurements is taken.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Turf fiel
24、d systems are tested according to this standardand Test Method F 355, Procedure A. A free-fall drop height of2 ft (61 cm), as measured from the bottom of the missile faceto the top of the turf field system shall be used. Any debris ormaterial not part of the surface system shall be removed fromthe t
25、est point location prior to testing. Three successive drops,allowing a 1 min pause between drops, are recorded. Theaverage Gmaxfor the tested point will be calculated as the sumof the second and third Gmaxvalues divided by two androunded to the nearest whole number.5. Significance and Use5.1 Data ob
26、tained from this specification are indicative ofthe relative impact attenuation characteristics of the turfplaying field system and can be used only for comparison andestablishing requirements for use.6. Performance Requirements6.1 When tested in accordance with this specification andTest Method F 3
27、55, Procedure A, the average Gmaxat anysingle test point shall be 200 average Gmaxwhen tested at afree-fall drop height of 2 ft (61 cm).6.2 If a turf surface system is tested in accordance with thisspecification, and the average Gmaxof one or more of the testedpoints reported is $200 average Gmax, t
28、he surface systemshould be brought into compliance and retested for verification.7. Test Apparatus7.1 The impacting missile shall be cylindrical with a circu-lar, flat, metal, impacting surface weighing 20 lb (9.1 kg),having a 20 in.2(129 cm2) surface face with the impactingedges slightly beveled to
29、 eliminate sharp edges, a provision formounting the accelerometer within 61 of the vertical axis ofthe missile and for reaching a velocity of 11.35 6 0.56 ft/s(3.46 6 0.17 m/s) (referenced in Section 27 of Test MethodsF 1551 as the velocity corresponding to a theoretical dropheight of 24 in. (61 cm)
30、 (at sea level) upon impact from thedrop height.7.2 To restrict the influence of pile layover, the test equip-ment shall be designed to include a rigid restraining ring witha smooth or polished surface, creating little or no friction,having an interior dimension not to exceed the diameter of themiss
31、ile by more than 0.039 in. (1 mm). The ring shall besecurely mounted horizontal to the surface such that a mini-mum of14 of the missile shall freely pass through it prior tostriking the surface, ensuring a vertical impact and precludingthe missiles rebound onto the top of the ring. Other guidancesys
32、tems can be utilized, provided they do not allow lateralmovement greater than 0.039 in. (1 mm) upon impact andrebound of the missile.7.3 The test equipment shall have sufficient stability toeliminate undesirable vibrations in the apparatus which mightbe recorded on the acceleration-time curve and to
33、 permit avertical free-fall of the missile from the release height of 24 in.(61 cm) to the surface.7.4 The signal from the acceleration transducer shall beconditioned with a low pass filter: complying to Channel Class1000 as specified in Specification F 1292 (ISO 6587).7.5 The acceleration recording
34、 system must be capable ofaccurately resolving the deceleration to a minimum of 61%oftrue value.7.6 The acceleration transducer must be capable of with-standing impacts of at least 1000 g without damage.7.7 Aminimum system sampling rate required is 20 000 Hz.7.8 The test equipment shall be capable o
35、f visual displayand recording of the acceleration-time curve of each drop.8. Test Positions8.1 The following eight test point locations are required:NOTE 2The test points are arranged to test the overall conditions andknown “wear points” of a field (see Fig. 1).8.1.1 Point 1Goal Line, End A, Center
36、Field,F193607e128.1.2 Point 210 Yard Line, End A, and14 the distancemeasured from side line C toward the center of the field,8.1.3 Point 325 Yard Line, End A, and12 the distancemeasured from side line A toward the center of the field,8.1.4 Point 4Center field,8.1.5 Point 525 Yard Line, End B, and14
37、the distancemeasured from side line D toward the center of the field,8.1.6 Point 612 Yard Line, End B, and Center of Field,8.1.7 Point 7A high traffic area located within the limitlines but outside of the inbounds lines on sites where condi-tions allow, and8.1.8 Point 8Atest point within the limit l
38、ines as specifiedin the scope that represents conditions that may present adverseshock-absorbing properties.8.2 Actual drop site(s) shall be located within 36 in. (91 cm)in any direction of a required test point location.8.3 For North American football fields with Canadian orother configurations dif
39、fering from Fig. 1, adjust the test pointlocation to like locations on the field and record the test pointsin accordance with 11.1.9.8.4 Additional Test PointsAdditional test points may berequired by the client. Additional test points within the limitlines of the sport(s) shall be included in the pe
40、rformancerequirements outlined in this standard.8.5 In the case of locating the test points on an unlined field:locate the above test points as accurately as possible noting theunlined condition in the test report as a site abnormality asdescribed in Section 11.8.6 Deviations in a test point locatio
41、n in excess of the statedtolerance must be recorded in the test report as a site abnor-mality as described in Section 11.9. Test Procedure9.1 Record the general overall weather conditions for eachday of testing (sunny, light rain, gusting wind, etc.). Include ageneral description of the field condit
42、ions as influenced by theweather (damp, dry, areas of standing water, ice, etc.).9.2 Test point locations should be recorded with enoughdetail for them to be uniquely identified. For example, northmay be indicated on the diagram. Record at each test pointduring testing the air temperature in the sha
43、de and the surfacesystem temperature, as detailed in this section for this specifictype of surface system, with all temperatures recorded in F(C). Additionally, it shall be noted if the test point is locatedon a line and, if so, the nature of the line (paint, chalk, sewn-insynthetic material).9.2.1
44、Synthetic Turf System with Resilient PaddingMeasurement of the surface system temperature shall be readFIG. 1 Required Test Points as Laid Out on a 100 Yard North American Football FieldF193607e13using a temperature probe inserted12 in. (1.27 cm) below thefabric backing of the pile.9.2.2 Natural Tur
45、f SystemsMeasurement of the surfacesystem temperature shall be read using a temperature probeinserted12 in. (1.27 cm) into the soil. A visual estimate of thepercentage of turf cover (50 %, 90 %, etc.) and of soil moisture(dry, damp, wet, saturated, etc.) shall be recorded for each testpoint.9.2.3 Co
46、mbination Turf SystemsMeasurement of the sur-face system temperature shall comply with 9.2.2 except wherea synthetic element prohibits measurement of surface tempera-ture as specified. When this occurs, the measurement of surfacetemperature shall be made as close to the specified depth aspossible an
47、d the deviation shall be recorded in the siteabnormalities section of the test report.Avisual estimate of turfcover and soil moisture shall be recorded as described in 9.2.2.9.2.4 Infill Synthetic Turf SystemMeasurement of thesurface system temperature shall be read using a probe inserted0.5 in. (1.
48、27 cm) below the level of the infilling substance inthe pile face.9.3 Infill depth shall be measured using an infill depth gaugeor probe with an adjustable shoe or plate capable of measuringto the nearest116 in. (1.59 mm). Provide three measurements ateach test point and record the average.9.4 Deter
49、mine and record the test point location accordingto Section 8. Remove debris from the test site and set up thetest apparatus.9.5 Pre-warm equipment and, if necessary, calibrate theg-time in accordance with the manufacturers recommenda-tions.9.6 Make three consecutive drops, at intervals of 1 6 0.5min, of the missile at each of the required and additional testpoint locations. Do not move the test equipment betweenconsecutive drops. Record the data where:H = drop height in ft (cm),V = velocity, ft/s (m/s), andg = acceleration of gravity,
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