ASTM F1938-1998(2004) Guide for Safer Use of Movable Soccer Goals《可移动足球球门安全使用指南》.pdf

1、Designation: F 1938 98 (Reapproved 2004)Guide forSafer Use of Movable Soccer Goals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1938; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p

2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThere are approximately 225 000 to 500 000 soccer goals in the United States. Many of these soccergoals are unsafe because they are improperly de

3、signed, manufactured, or installed (unstable and areeither unanchored or not properly anchored or counter-balanced). These soccer goals pose anunnecessary risk of tipover to children who climb on goals (or nets) or hang from the crossbar.The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) knows of fo

4、ur deaths in 1990 alone andat least 21 deaths during the past 16 years (19791994) associated with movable soccer goals. Inaddition, an estimated 120 injuries involving falling goals were treated each year in U.S. hospitalemergency rooms during the period 1989 through 1993. Many of the serious incide

5、nts occurred whenthe soccer goals tipped over onto the victim. Almost all of the goals involved in these tipoversappeared to be “homemade” by high school shop classes, custodial members, or local welders, notprofessionally manufactured. These “homemade” goals often are very heavy and unstable.The ma

6、jority of movable soccer goals are constructed of metal, typically weighing 150500 lbs. Theserious injuries and deaths are a result of blunt force trauma to the head, neck, chest, and limbs of thevictims. In most cases injuries or death occurred when the goal tipped or was accidentally tipped ontoth

7、e victim. In one case, an 8-year-old child was fatally injured when the movable soccer goal he wasclimbing tipped over and struck him on the head. In another case, a 20-year-old male died from amassive head trauma when he pulled a goal down on himself while attempting to do chin-ups. In athird case,

8、 while attempting to tighten a net to its goal post, the victims father lifted the back base ofthe goal, causing it to tip over, striking his 3-year-old child on the head, causing a fatal injury.High winds also can cause movable soccer goals to fall over. For example, a 9-year-old was fatallyinjured

9、 when a goal was tipped over by a gust of wind. In another incident, a 19-year-old goaliesuffered stress fractures to both legs when the soccer goal was blown on top of her.1. Scope1.1 This guide presents directions for the installation, use,and storage of full-size or nearly full-size movable socce

10、rgoals. It is expected that these guidelines can help preventdeaths and serious injuries resulting from soccer goal tipover.1.2 These guidelines are intended for use by parks andrecreation personnel, school officials, sports equipment pur-chasers, parents, coaches, and any other members of thegenera

11、l public concerned with soccer goal safety.1.3 These guidelines are intended to address the risk ofmovable soccer goal tipover.2. Design and Construction2.1 While a movable soccer goal appears to be a simplestructure, a correctly-designed goal is constructed carefullywith counterbalancing measures i

12、ncorporated into the product.2.2 The common dimensions of a full-size goal are approxi-mately 24 ft (7.3 m) in width by 8 ft (2.4 m) in height, anddepth equal to or exceeding the height of the goal (see Fig. 1).2.3 The stability of a soccer goal depends on several factors.2.3.1 One effective design

13、alternative uses a counterbalanc-ing strategy by lengthening the overall depth of the goal toeffectively place more mass further from the goals front posts(more mass at the back of the goal).2.3.2 A second design selects light materials for the goalsfront posts and crossbar and provides much heavier

14、 materialsfor the rear ground bar and frame members. This design tendsto counterbalance the forces working to tip the goal forward.1This provisional standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.43 onSoccer Goal Safe

15、ty.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published January 2004. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as F 193898.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3.3 Another design uses a heavy rear f

16、ramework and foldsflat when not in use, making the goal much less likely to tipover.2.3.4 No matter what counterbalancing strategy is used, it isimperative that all movable soccer goals be anchored firmly inplace at all times (see Section 3).3. Anchoring, Securing, and Counterweighting3.1 Secure the

17、 goal in place (preferably at the rear of thegoal) making sure the anchors are used in accordance with themanufacturers specifications and are clearly visible. It isimperative that all movable soccer goals are always anchoredproperly through the use of either weights or staking (see Fig.2).3.2 There

18、 are several different ways to secure soccer goals.3.3 The number and type of anchors to be used will dependon a number of factors, such as types of playing surface, soiltype, soil moisture content, and total goal weight.3.4 Anchor Types:3.4.1 Auger-Style StakeThis style anchor (see Fig. 2) ishelica

19、l-shaped and is screwed into the ground.3.4.2 Peg- or Stake-Style StakeThis style (see Figs. 2 and3) is of varying lengths and diameters and range in size from10 in. (250 mm) to 24 in. (600 mm) in length.3.4.3 J-Hook-Shaped-Stake StyleThis style (see Fig. 3) isof varying lengths and diameters. The c

20、urved-top portion isdesigned to fit over goal members to secure it to the ground.3.4.4 All-Stake StylesA minimum of two stakes must beused for each goal. More may be required depending upon goalsize, soil conditions, and stake size. All stakes must be fullyengaged in accordance with manufacturers sp

21、ecifications.J-Hook and peg-stake styles must be driven in fully and angledtoward the front of the goal. Auger-style stakes must bescrewed in fully. All stakes must be flush with ground orclearly visible to persons within proximity of the soccer goal.3.4.5 Sandbags/Counterweights:3.4.5.1 Sandbags or

22、 other counterweights (see Fig. 4) couldbe an effective alternative on hard surfaces, such as artificialturf, where the surface cannot be penetrated by a conventionalanchor, that is, an indoor practice facility.3.4.5.2 The number of bags or weights needed will vary andmust be adequate for the size a

23、nd total weight of the goal beingsupported.3.4.6 Semipermanent:3.4.6.1 This anchor type usually is comprised of two ormore functional components.3.4.6.2 The main support requires a permanently securedbase that is buried underground.3.4.6.3 One type (see Fig. 5) of semipermanent anchorconnects the un

24、derground base to the soccer goal by means oftwo tethers.3.4.6.4 Another design (see Fig. 6) utilizes a buried anchortube with a threaded opening at ground level.3.4.6.5 The goal is positioned over the buried tube and thebolt is passed through the goal ground shoes (bar) and rearground shoe (bar) an

25、d screwed into the threaded hole of theburied tube.3.5 Net PegsThese tapered, metal or plastic stakes, orboth, should only be used to secure the net to the ground (seeFig. 7). Net pegs must not be used to anchor the movablesoccer goal.4. Safety Instructions for Use and Storage4.1 Check for structura

26、l integrity and proper connectinghardware before every use. Replace damaged or missing partsor fasteners immediately.4.2 Ensure safety/warning labels (see Fig. 8) are clearlyvisible (placed under the crossbar and on the sides of thedown-posts at eye level).4.3 Securely anchor or counterweight movabl

27、e soccer goalsat all times (see Fig. 9).4.4 Instructs players, managers, coaches, trainers, teachers,maintenance, and all other personnel who might come intocontact with the goal on the safe handling of and potentialdangers associated with movable soccer goals.4.5 Always exercise caution and provide

28、 adequate man-power for the size and weight of the goal being moved.Movable soccer goals only should be moved by authorized andtrained personnel.4.6 Never allow anyone to climb on the net or goalframework.4.7 Movable soccer goals only should be used on level (flat)surfaces, never on a slope or hilly

29、 area.4.8 Remove nets when goals are not in use.4.9 Most of the tipover injuries occurred when goals wereunattended. Anchor or chain one goal to another (see Fig. 9), toitself in a folded down position, or to nearby fence posts,dugouts, or any other similar sturdy fixture when not in use. Ifthis is

30、not practical, store movable soccer goals in a placewhere children cannot have access to them.4.10 Fully disassemble goals for seasonal storage.5. Labels5.1 Labels should be used on all goals (see Fig. 8).6. Keywords6.1 safety labels; soccer goalsF 1938 98 (2004)2FIG. 1 Components of a Movable Socce

31、r GoalF 1938 98 (2004)3FIG. 2 Goal AnchoringF 1938 98 (2004)4FIG. 3 AnchorsNot PredrilledFIG. 4 Sandbag Method of AnchoringF 1938 98 (2004)5FIG. 5 Semipermanent AnchorTethersF 1938 98 (2004)6FIG. 6 Semipermanent AnchorBoltedF 1938 98 (2004)7NOTE 1Net pegs should never be used to anchor a soccer goal

32、.FIG. 7 Net PegsF 1938 98 (2004)8FIG. 8 Warning LabelsF 1938 98 (2004)9NOTE 1Join goal faces and lock together using chain and lock.FIG. 9 Storage of Goal FramesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this sta

33、ndard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be revi

34、ewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsib

35、le technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 1938 98 (2004)10