1、Designation: F 1939 08Standard Test Method forRadiant Heat Resistance of Flame Resistant ClothingMaterials with Continuous Heating1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1939; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method rates the non-steady state thermalresistance or insulating characteristics of fl
3、ame resistant cloth-ing materials subjected to a continuous, standardized radiantheat exposure.1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to clothing materialsthat are not flame resistant.NOTE 1The determination of a clothing materials flame resistanceshall be made prior to testing and done in accorda
4、nce with the applicableperformance standard, specification standard, or both, for the clothingmaterials end-use.1.1.2 This test method does not predict skin burn injuryfrom the standardized radiant heat exposure as it does notaccount for the thermal energy contained in the test specimenafter the exp
5、osure has ceased.NOTE 2See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding thistest method and predicted skin burn injury.1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all
6、factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in brackets are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonlyused
7、for thermal testing.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
8、 use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile MaterialsD 3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricE 457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Ra
9、te Usinga Thermal Capacitance (Slug) CalorimeterF 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 ASTM Special Technical Publication: ASTM Report,“ASTM Research Program on Electric Arc Test Method De-velopments to Evaluate Protective Clothing Fabric; ASTMF18.65.01 Testing Group Report on Arc Tes
10、ting Analysis of theF1959 Standard Test Method-Phase I”ASTM Manual 12 Manual on the Use of Thermocouples inTemperature Measurement3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 break-open, nin testing thermal protective materi-als, a material response evidenced by the formation of a hole inthe test specimen du
11、ring the thermal exposure that may resultin the exposure energy in direct contact with the heat sensor.3.1.2 charring, nthe formation of a carbonaceous residueas the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.3 dripping, na material response evidenced by flow-ing of the polymer.3.1.4 embrittle
12、ment, nthe formation of a brittle residue asa result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.5 heat flux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by theamount of energy transmitted divided by area and time;kW/m2cal/cm2s.3.1.6 ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.1.7 melting, na material response evi
13、denced by soften-ing of the polymer.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyappr
14、oved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1939 - 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM we
15、bsite.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Mar 10 04:16:21 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
16、3.1.8 non-steady state thermal resistance, nin testing ofthermal protective materials, a quantity expressed as thetime-dependent difference between the incident and exitingthermal energy values normal to and across two definedparallel surfaces of an exposed thermal insulative material.3.1.9 radiant
17、heat resistance (RHR), nin testing of ther-mal protective materials, the cumulative amount of thermalexposure energy identified by the intersection of the measuredtime-dependent heat transfer response through the subjectmaterial to a time-dependent, empirical performance curve,expressed as a rating
18、or value; kJ/m2cal/cm2.3.1.10 response to heat exposure, nin testing the thermalresistance of thermal protective materials, the observableresponse of the material to the energy exposure as indicated bybreak-open, melting, dripping, charring, embrittlement, shrink-age, sticking, and ignition.3.1.11 s
19、hrinkage, na decrease in one or more dimensionsof an object or material.3.1.12 sticking, na material response evidenced by soft-ening and adherence of the material to the surface of itself oranother material.3.1.13 For the definitions of protective clothing terms usedin this method, refer to Termino
20、logy F 1494, and for othertextile terms used in this method, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A vertically positioned test specimen is exposed to aradiant heat source with an exposure heat flux of either (a)21kW/m20.5 cal/cm2s or (b) 84 kW/m22 cal/cm2s .NOTE 3Other exposure he
21、at flux values are allowed. The test facilityshall verify the stability of the exposure level over the materials exposuretime interval (used to determine the radiant heat resistance value) andinclude this in the test results report.4.2 The transfer of heat through the test specimen ismeasured using
22、a copper slug calorimeter. The change intemperature versus time is used, along with the known thermo-physical properties of copper to determine the respectivethermal energy delivered.4.3 A Radiant Heat Resistance rating of the test specimen isdetermined as the intersection of the time-dependent cumu
23、la-tive radiant heat response as measured by the calorimeter to atime-dependent, empirical performance curve identified in10.9.4.4 Subjective observations of the thermal response oftested specimens are optionally noted.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of
24、theradiant heat resistance value of a material, a combination ofmaterials, or a comparison of different materials used in flameresistant clothing for workers exposed to radiant thermalhazards.5.2 This test method evaluates a materials heat transferproperties when exposed to a continuous and constant
25、 radiantheat source. Air movement at the face of the specimen andaround the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferreddue to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing the airmovement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid inthe repeatability of the results.5.3 This test method mai
26、ntains the specimen in a static,vertical position and does not involve movement, except thatresulting from the exposure.5.4 This test method specifies two standard sets of exposureconditions: 21 kW/m20.5 cal/cm2s and 84 kW/m22.0 cal/cm2s. Either can be used.5.4.1 If a different set of exposure condi
27、tions is used, it islikely that different results will be obtained.5.4.2 The optional use of other conditions representative ofthe expected hazard, in addition to the standard set of exposureconditions, is permitted. However, the exposure conditionsused must be reported with the results along with a
28、 determi-nation of the exposure energy level stability.5.5 This test method does not predict skin burn injury fromthe standardized radiant heat exposure.NOTE 4See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding thistest method and predicted skin burn injury.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 General Arr
29、angementThe apparatus consists of avertically oriented radiant heat source, specimen holder assem-bly, protective shutter, sensor assembly, and data acquisition/analysis system. The general arrangement of the radiant heatsource, specimen holder, and protective shutter of a suitableapparatus is shown
30、 in Fig. 1.6.1.1 Radiant Heat SourceA suitable, vertically orientedradiant heat source is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a bank offive, 500 W infrared, tubular, translucent quartz lamps havinga 127-mm 5.0-in. lighted length and a mean overall length of222 mm 834 in. The lamps are mounted on 9.5 6 0
31、.4-mm38 6164-in. centers so that the lamp surfaces are approxi-mately 0.4-mm 164-in. apart. The bank or array of lamps aremounted and centered behind a 63.5 by 140-mm 212 by 512-in. cut-out that is positioned in the center of a 12.7-mm12-in. thick, 86-mm 338-in. wide, by 292-mm 1112-in.long high tem
32、perature insulating board as shown in Fig. 2. Thequartz lamps shall be heated electrically, and the power inputcontrolled by means of a rheostat or variable power supplyhaving a capacity of at least 25A.6.1.1.1 Setting and monitoring the voltmeter readout on avoltage-controlled variable power supply
33、 is one method tocalibrate and monitor the exposure level during the testing ona system so equipped. A voltmeter, accurate to 61V,istypically installed with the appropriate load circuit to indicatelamp operating power.6.1.1.2 Any covers or guards installed on the quartz lampassembly shall be designe
34、d such that any convective energygenerated is not allowed to impinge on the sample specimen(vertical, umimpeded ventilation is required.)NOTE 5Radiant measurement systems designed with closed lampassembly covers and covers with minimal ventilation have been found toexhibit large measurement biases i
35、n round robin testing.F1939082Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Mar 10 04:16:21 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.FIG. 1 General Expanded View of a Compliant Radiant Resistance Performance Test Apparatus (
36、See Figures 2, 3, and 4 for specificitem details.)FIG. 2 Detailed View of Position of Quartz Lamps on Thermal Insulating BoardF1939083Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Mar 10 04:16:21 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproduction
37、s authorized.NOTE 6Transite monolithic, non-asbestos fiber cement board3,4hasbeen found to be effective as a high temperature insulating board.6.1.2 Specimen Holder AssemblyA specimen holder andholder plate with a 64 by 152-mm 212 by 6-in. center cut-outis positioned so that the distance from the ne
38、arest lamp surfaceto the test specimen is 25.4 6 0.4 mm 1.0 6164 in. The rearholder plate thickness is 0.9 6 0.05 mm 0.036 6 0.002 in.and includes a bracket to hold the copper calorimeter sensorassembly. This rear plate holds the specimen in place so that itcovers the complete cutout section (see ty
39、pical designs shownin Figs. 3 and 4). Several specimen holders are recommendedto facilitate testing.NOTE 7The copper calorimeter sensor assembly holder plate bracketis constructed such that the calorimeter assembly is in a reproducible fixedvertical position when installed and is held flush and rigi
40、dly against therear holder plate.6.1.3 Protective ShutterA protective shutter, as shown inFig. 3, is placed between the radiant energy source and thespecimen. The protective shutter blocks the radiant energy justprior to the exposure of a specimen. Manual or mechanicallyoperated shutter designs are
41、allowed with and without water-cooling.6.1.4 Rheostat or Variable Power SupplyA standard labo-ratory rheostat or appropriate power supply with a capacity ofat least 25 A, which is capable of controlling the outputintensity of the tubes over the range specified in 4.1.6.1.5 SensorThe radiant heat sen
42、sor is a 4 6 0.05 cmdiameter circular copper slug calorimeter constructed fromelectrical grade copper with a mass of 18 6 0.05 g (prior todrilling) with a single iron-constantan (ANSI Type J) thermo-couple wire bead (0.254 mm wire diameter or finerequivalent to 30 AWG) installed as identified in 6.1
43、.5.2 andshown in Fig. 5 (see Test Method E 457 for informationregarding slug calorimeters). The sensor holder shall be con-structed from non-conductive heat resistant material with athermal conductivity value of#0.15 W/mK, high temperaturestability, and resistance to thermal shock. The board shall b
44、enominally 1.3 cm 0.5 in. or greater in thickness and meet thespecimen holder assembly requirements of 6.1.2. The sensor isheld into the recess of the board using three straight pins,trimmed to a nominal length of 5 mm, by placing themequidistant around the edge of the sensor so that the heads ofthe
45、 pins hold the sensor flush to the surface.6.1.5.1 Paint the exposed surface of the copper slug calo-rimeters with a thin coating of a flat black high temperaturespray paint with an absorptivity of 0.9 or greater.4,5The paintedsensor must be dried and cured, in accordance with themanufacturers instr
46、uctions, before use and present a uniformlyapplied coating (no visual thick spots or surface irregularities).In the absence of manufacturers instructions, an external heatsource (for example, an external heat lamp), shall be used tocompletely drive off any remaining organic carriers in a freshlypain
47、ted surface before use.NOTE 8Absorptivity of painted calorimeters is discussed in theASTM Report, “ASTM Research Program on Electric Arc Test MethodDevelopment to Evaluate Protective Clothing Fabric; ASTM F18.65.01Testing Group Report on Arc Testing Analysis of the F1959 Standard TestMethodPhase I.”
48、6.1.5.2 The thermocouple wire is installed in the calorimeteras shown in Fig. 5.(1) The thermocouple wire shall be bonded to the copperdisk either mechanically or by using high melting point (HMP)solder.6.1.5.3 A mechanical bond shall be produced by mechani-cally deforming the copper disk material (
49、utilizing a copperfilling slug as shown in Fig. 5) around the thermocouple bead.6.1.5.4 A solder bond shall be produced by using a suitableHMP solder with a melting temperature of 280C.NOTE 9HMP solders consisting of 5 % Sb-95 %Pb (307C meltingpoint) and 5 %Sb-93.5 %Pb-1.5 %Ag (300C melting point) have beenfound to be suitable. The 280C temperature minimum identified abovecorresponds to the point where melting of the solder bond would beexperienced with an 17 second exposure of an 84 kW/m2heat
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