1、Designation: F 1951 99An American National StandardStandard Specification forDetermination of Accessibility of Surface Systems Underand Around Playground Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe need for systematic and consistent means of evaluating the c
3、apability of surface systems toprovide access to playgrounds has been amplified by the passage of the Federal Americans withDisabilities Act. The goal of this specification is to establish uniform means to measure thecharacteristics of surface systems in order to provide the potential buyer with per
4、formancespecifications to select materials for use as an accessible surface under and around playgroundequipment.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes minimum characteristicsfor those factors that determine accessibility. This specificationapplies to all types of materials that can be used unde
5、r andaround playground equipment.1.2 The material under and around playground equipmentthat meets this specification must also comply with Specifica-tion F 1292 if the surface is within the fall zone.1.3 This specification does not imply that an injury cannotbe incurred if the surface system complie
6、s with this specifica-tion.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for informa-tion only.1.5 The following precautionary statement pertains only tothe test method portions, Sections 6 and 7, of this specification:This standard do
7、es not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.NOTE 1Specification F 1951 99 replaces
8、ASTM PS 83, ProvisionalStandard Specification for Determination of Accessibility of SurfaceSystems Under and Around Playground Equipment.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaborato
9、ry Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF 1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF 1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specification forPlayground Equipment for Public Use2.2 U.S. Architectural and Transportation Barriers Co
10、m-pliance Board Document:Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelinesfor Buildings and Facilities2.3 U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Document:Handbook for Public Playground Safety, 19913. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This specification is under t
11、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.63 onPlayground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1999. Published June 1999.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact A
12、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 camber, nthe angular
13、position in the vertical direc-tion of the individual main wheel axis. Zero camber occurswhen the wheel axis is parallel to the ground surface.3.1.2 loose fill system, na surface system consisting ofsmall independent, movable components; that is, sand, gravel,wood chip, etc.3.1.3 maneuverability, nt
14、he ability of a surfacing materialto allow unencumbered traversing or locomotion of a personwith or without prosthetic aids or wheelchair.3.1.4 toe, nthe difference in separation distance betweenthe front of the two main wheels and the rear of the two mainwheels of a wheelchair. Proper toe alignment
15、 occurs when theaxle is perpendicular to the direction of rolling.4. General Requirements4.1 Playground surfaces represented as complying with thisspecification shall meet all applicable requirements specifiedherein. Anyone representing compliance with this specificationshall keep such essential rec
16、ords as are necessary to documentany claim that the requirements within this specification havebeen met.4.2 For the surface within the fall zone of the surroundedplayground equipment, the surface must meet U.S. ConsumerProduct Safety Commission minimum requirements of 200g-max and 1000 HIC at its cr
17、itical height when tested inaccordance with Specification F 1292.4.3 Accessibility specification certification compliance shallbe conducted by an independent accredited testing laboratory.5. Performance Requirement5.1 ManeuverabilityWhen tested in accordance with thetest methods described in Section
18、s 6 and 7 of this specification,a surface in place shall have average work per foot (work permeter) values for straight propulsion and for turning less thanthe average work per foot (work per meter) values for straightpropulsion and for turning, respectively, on a hard, smoothsurface with a grade of
19、 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14).6. Wheelchair Work Measurement MethodStraightPropulsion6.1 Test Equipment and Setup:6.1.1 Test WheelchairA 16-in. (40.64-cm) width rehabili-tation wheelchair with pneumatic rear tires, front wheels withpneumatic tires, and a total weight of 31 6 4.4 lb (14 6 2 kg)shall be used as
20、 the test wheelchair. The rear wheels shall beidentical with 24 by 1.375-in. (61 by 3.5-cm) pneumatic tiresand pushrim diameters of 20 in. (50.8 cm). The front wheelswith pneumatic tires shall be identical with 8 by 1-in. (20.3 by2.54-cm) wheels with pneumatic tires. One main rear wheelshall be capa
21、ble of measuring the forces applied to the pushrimthat are tangential to the pushrim and parallel to the directionof travel. The wheelchair shall be adjusted such that there isminimal toe and minimal camber. Tire pressures shall be set tothe maximum pressure specified by the manufacturer 62 psi.6.1.
22、2 Test Wheelchair RiderA165 +11, 4.4-lb (75 +5, 2kg) test wheelchair rider shall propel the wheelchair duringtesting.6.1.3 Weight of Total SystemThe total weight of thewheelchair-rider system, including any distance measurementor data acquisition equipment residing on the wheelchair, shallbe a minim
23、um of 187.2 lb (85 kg) and a maximum of 255 lb(116 kg).6.1.4 Weight DistributionThe wheelchair rider shall beseated in the wheelchair such that 406 2 % of the total weightis supported by the front casters and the rear wheels support theremaining 60 6 2 % when measured in a static position withthe wh
24、eelchair riders hands placed on the rear wheel pushrimsin the topmost position.6.1.5 Distance MeasurementA method to measure thetotal distance that the wheelchair has been propelled must bepresent. This distance shall be 6.56 +0.66 / 0 ft (2.0 +0.20 / 0m) from its starting, measured to an accuracy o
25、f 6 0.79 in. (2cm).6.1.6 Wheel Angular Displacement Measurement(Optional)A method to measure the angular displacement ofthe pushrim force measuring wheel can be used. It shall havean accuracy of at least 6 0.5.6.1.7 Data AcquisitionA data acquisition system shall beused to record the forces applied
26、to the pushrim and the end ofthe trial at a minimum frequency of 50 Hz.6.2 Test Specimen:6.2.1 An installed site of playground surfacing shall be usedas the test specimen. The minimum test specimen size shall be4 ft (1.22 m) wide by 8 ft (2.44 m) in length.6.2.2 The surface shall be level and free o
27、f surface dirt, ice,or contaminants.6.2.3 Testing shall be conducted when surface temperature,as measured by a temperature probe, is between 40 and 100F(4 and 38C).6.3 Test Procedure:6.3.1 Starting from a stationary position with the wheelchaircasters in the trailing position, the test wheelchair ri
28、der shallpropel the wheelchair across the test surface a distance of 6.56+0.66 / 0 ft (2.0 +0.20 / 0 m) using four uniform pushes. Thedistance the wheelchair actually rolls shall be recorded to anaccuracy of 6 0.79 in. (6 2 cm). The wheelchair rider shallcontact the pushrims only during the trial an
29、d shall maintainthe same posture assumed during weight distribution measure-ment. The wheelchair shall be propelled in a straight path. Atleast three of the wheelchair wheels shall be in contact with thetest surface during the trial. Each trial shall be completed in 7.061.0 s.6.3.2 Record the forces
30、 applied to the pushrim to anaccuracy of 6 0.15 ft 3 lbf (6 0.2 N 3 m), at a minimumfrequency of 50 Hz.6.3.3 Consider the trial acceptable if it meets the followingcriteria:6.3.3.1 Pushrim torque values below 3.69 ft 3 lbf (5.0 N3 m) (reverse torque) do not occur;6.3.3.2 One or more wheels do not sl
31、ip on the surfacecreating torque values above 7.38 ft 3 lbf (10 N 3 m) with noforward movement of the wheelchair;6.3.3.3 The time to complete the 6.56-ft (2.0-m) distance is7.0 6 1.0 s;6.3.3.4 The torque applied to the wheelchair pushrim is zeroor decreasing at the end of the trial;F19519926.3.3.5 T
32、he four propulsion strokes cause the wheelchair totravel a total distance of 6.56 +0.66 / 0 ft (2.0 +0.20 / 0 m).6.3.4 Repeat 6.3.1-6.3.3 until a total of five acceptable trialsare recorded. Use a leveled surface for each trial. If testingcannot be completed successfully on the test surface, documen
33、tthe reasons.6.3.5 Repeat 6.3.1-6.3.4 with the same test wheelchair rideron a hard, smooth surface with a grade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14)and a cross slope of 0 6 0.5 %.6.4 Calculation:6.4.1 Calculation of work per foot (work per meter):6.4.1.1 For each trial, calculate the average torque byintegrating t
34、he area under the torque-time curve and dividingby the time to complete the trial.6.4.1.2 Calculate the total work required for each trial bymultiplying the average torque value by the total wheel angulardisplacement. If the test wheelchair was instrumented withonly one pushrim force measuring wheel
35、, multiply this valueby two.6.4.1.3 For each trial, normalize the total work required towork per foot (work per meter) by dividing by the length of thetrial.6.4.2 Alternative method for calculating work per foot(work per meter):6.4.2.1 For each trial, calculate the average work per foot(work per met
36、er) by integrating the area under the torque-angular displacement curve or the torque-distance curve, andthen dividing by the total angular displacement or length of thetrial, respectively. If the test wheelchair was instrumented withonly one pushrim force measuring wheel, multiply this valueby two.
37、6.4.3 Discard the low and high work per foot (work permeter) values and average the remaining three trials to deter-mine the average work per foot (work per meter) required tonegotiate the test surface and the hard, smooth surface with agrade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14).6.5 ReportReport the following info
38、rmation:6.5.1 A reference to this specification.6.5.2 Complete identification of the test specimen includingmanufacturer, type, manufacturers lot number, if appropriate,thickness, and any other pertinent information.6.5.3 For loose fill systems, specify the procedures used toinstall the test specime
39、n prior to testing, and the proceduresused to level the test specimen prior to each test trial. Describethe method of compaction, if any.6.5.4 Complete identification of the test wheelchair includ-ing name of manufacturer, model, identification number, andweight.6.5.5 Weight of the test wheelchair r
40、ider, total weight andfront-to-rear weight distribution of the wheelchair-rider sys-tem.6.5.6 Testing conditions including atmospheric and surfacetemperatures and any other pertinent information.6.5.7 Date of tests.6.5.8 The name and address of the test institution.6.5.9 Pushrim torque versus time g
41、raphs for each trial.6.5.10 Work per foot (work per meter) values to the nearest0.1 ft 3 lbf (0.1 N 3 m) and total trial times for all five trialson the test surface and on the hard, smooth surface with a gradeof 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14).6.5.11 Average work per foot (work per meter) to thenearest 0.1 ft 3
42、 lbf (0.1 N 3 m) for the test surface and for thehard, smooth surface with a grade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14). Iftesting could not be successfully completed on the test surface,the report must state this, as well as the reasons why testingcould not be performed according to the test procedure. If thewhee
43、lchair continued to roll and could not stop at the specifieddistance, the work per foot (work per meter) required tonegotiate the test surface shall be considered less than on thehard, smooth surface with a grade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14).7. Wheelchair Work Measurement MethodTurning7.1 Test Equipment an
44、d Setup:7.1.1 Test WheelchairA 16-in. (40.64-cm) width rehabili-tation wheelchair with pneumatic rear tires, front wheels withpneumatic tires, and a total weight of 31 6 4.4 lb (14 62 kg)shall be used as the test wheelchair. The rear wheels shall beidentical with 24 by 1.375-in. (61 by 3.5-cm) pneum
45、atic tiresand pushrim diameters of 20 in. (50.8 cm). The front wheelswith pneumatic tires shall be identical with 8 by 1-in. (20.3 by2.54-cm) wheels with pneumatic tires. One main rear wheelshall be capable of measuring the forces applied to the pushrimthat are tangential to the pushrim and parallel
46、 to the directionof travel. The wheelchair shall be adjusted such that there isminimal toe and minimal camber. Tire pressures shall be set tothe maximum pressure specified by the manufacturer 62 psi.7.1.2 Test Wheelchair RiderA165 +11, 4.4-lb (75 +5, 2kg) test wheelchair rider shall propel the wheel
47、chair duringtesting.7.1.3 Weight of Total SystemThe total weight of thewheelchair-rider system, including any distance measurementor data acquisition equipment residing on the wheelchair, shallbe a minimum of 187.2 lb (85 kg) and a maximum of 255 lb(116 kg).7.1.4 Weight DistributionThe wheelchair ri
48、der shall beseated in the wheelchair such that 406 2 % of the total weightis supported by the front casters and the rear wheels support theremaining 60 6 2 % when measured in a static position withthe wheelchair riders hands placed on the rear wheel pushrimsin the topmost position.7.1.5 Turn Guide T
49、est FixtureA test-fixture shall be usedto guide the wheelchair through the turning maneuver. The testfixture shall be constructed such that it guides the wheelchairthrough a 90 turn. The turn guide shall be 4.75 6 0.4 in. (126 1 cm) in height and have a radius of curvature of 12.00 60.05 in. (30.5 6 0.13 cm) (see Fig. 1). The outside of the12.0-in. (30.5-cm) turn guide shall by lined with a 0.25 60.02-in. (0.635 6 0.05-cm) polyethylene strip to provide anantifriction surface; thus, the turn guide with polyethylene stripshall have an outside radi
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