1、Designation: F1951 09bF1951 14 An American National StandardStandard Specification forDetermination of Accessibility of Surface Systems Underand Around Playground Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe need for systematic and consistent means of evaluatin
3、g the capability of surface systems toprovide access to playgrounds has been amplified by the passage of the Federal Americans withDisabilities Act. The goal of this specification is to establish uniform means to measure thecharacteristics of surface systems in order to provide the potential buyer w
4、ith performancespecifications to select materials for use as an accessible surface under and around playgroundequipment.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes minimum characteristics for those factors that determine accessibility. This specificationapplies to all types of materials that can be u
5、sed under and around playground equipment.1.2 The material under and around playground equipment that meets this specification must also comply with SpecificationF1292 if the surface is within the fall zone.1.3 This specification does not imply that an injury cannot be incurred if the surface system
6、 complies with this specification.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI 10.)1.5 The following precauti
7、onary statement pertains only to the test method portions, Sections 6 and 7, of this specification:Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and health pra
8、ctices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric SystemE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM
9、Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodF1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Playground Equipment for Publi
10、c Use2.2 U.S. Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board Document:3Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities2.3 U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Document:4US CPSC Publication No. 325 Handbook for Public Playground Safety (2010)1 This
11、 specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.63 on Playground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved July 1, 2009June 1, 2014. Published July 2009July 2014. Originally appr
12、oved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2009 asF1951 09a.F1951 09b. DOI: 10.1520/F1951-09B.10.1520/F1951-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to t
13、he standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from United States Access Board, 1331 F Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20004-1111, http:/www.access-board.gov/.4 Available from United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, MD, 20814, ht
14、tp:/www.cpsc.gov/.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users
15、 consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions
16、of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 camber, nthe angular position in the vertical direction of the individual main wheel axis.3.1.1.1 DiscussionZero camber occurs when the wheel axis is parallel to the ground surface.3.1.2 loose fill system, na surface system consisting of small independent, mo
17、vable components.3.1.2.1 DiscussionExamples of movable components include sand, gravel, wood chips, loose rubber, and engineered wood fiber.3.1.3 maneuverability, nthe ability of a surfacing material to allow unencumbered traversing or locomotion of a person withor without prosthetic aids or wheelch
18、air.3.1.4 toe, nthe difference in separation distance between the front of the two main wheels and the rear of the two main wheelsof a wheelchair.3.1.4.1 DiscussionProper toe alignment occurs when the axle is perpendicular to the direction of rolling.3.1.5 use zone, narea beneath and immediately adj
19、acent to a play structure or equipment that is designated for unrestrictedcirculation around the equipment and on whose surface it is predicted that a user would land when falling from or exiting theequipment.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe surface area within the use zone shall meet the minimum impact attenu
20、ation requirements of Specification F1292 from themaximum fall height.4. General Requirements4.1 Playground surfaces represented as complying with this specification shall meet all applicable requirements regardingaccessibility specified herein. Anyone representing compliance with this specification
21、 shall keep such essential records as arenecessary to document any claim that the requirements within this specification have been met.4.2 Surface systems that are within the use zone of the surrounded playground equipment shall be tested in accordance withSpecification F1292 and shall comply with t
22、he impact performance requirements of Specification F1292. Thus, surface systemsshall exhibit a head injury criterion (HIC) not exceeding 1000 and a value of acceleration recorded during an impact (g-max) notexceeding 200 from a height at or greater than the fall height of the play structure.NOTE 1T
23、his is consistent with the guidance contained in US CPSC Publication No. 325.4.3 Accessibility specification certification compliance shall be conducted by an independent accredited testing laboratory.5. Performance Requirement5.1 The tests shall be conducted on a surface that is installed per the m
24、anufacturers installation instructions. No additionalcompaction or other modification shall be permitted, other than what is required for test specimen preparation with SpecificationF1292.5.2 ManeuverabilityWhen tested in accordance with the test methods described in Sections 6 and 7 of this specifi
25、cation, asurface in place shall have average work per foot (work per meter) values for straight propulsion and for turning less than theaverage work per foot (work per meter) values for straight propulsion and for turning, respectively, on a hard, smooth surface witha grade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14).6.
26、Wheelchair Work Measurement MethodStraight Propulsion6.1 Test Equipment and Setup:6.1.1 Test WheelchairA 16-in. (40.64-cm) width rehabilitation wheelchair with pneumatic rear tires, front wheels withpneumatic tires, and a total weight of 3164.4 lb (1462 kg) shall be used as the test wheelchair.The r
27、ear wheels shall be identicalwith 24 by 1.375-in. (61 by 3.5-cm) pneumatic tires and pushrim diameters of 20 in. (50.8 cm). The front wheels with pneumaticF1951 142tires shall be identical with 8 by 1-in. (20.3 by 2.54-cm) wheels with pneumatic tires. One main rear wheel shall be capable ofmeasuring
28、 the forces applied to the pushrim that are tangential to the pushrim and parallel to the direction of travel. The wheelchairshall be adjusted such that there is minimal toe and minimal camber. Tire pressures shall be set to the maximum pressure specifiedby the manufacturer 62 psi.6.1.2 Test Wheelch
29、air RiderA165 +11, 4.4-lb (75 +5, 2 kg) test wheelchair rider shall propel the wheelchair during testing.6.1.3 Weight of Total SystemThe total weight of the wheelchair-rider system, including any distance measurement or dataacquisition equipment residing on the wheelchair, shall be a minimum of 187.
30、2 lb (85 kg) and a maximum of 255 lb (116 kg).6.1.4 Weight DistributionThe wheelchair rider shall be seated in the wheelchair such that 406 2 % of the total weight issupported by the front casters and the rear wheels support the remaining 60 6 2 % when measured in a static position with thewheelchai
31、r riders hands placed on the rear wheel pushrims in the topmost position.6.1.5 Distance MeasurementA method to measure the total distance that the wheelchair has been propelled must be present.This distance shall be 6.56 +0.66 / 0 ft (2.0 +0.20 / 0 m) from its starting, measured to an accuracy of 6
32、0.79 in. (2 cm).6.1.6 Wheel Angular Displacement Measurement (Optional)A method to measure the angular displacement of the pushrimforce measuring wheel can be used. It shall have an accuracy of at least 6 0.5.6.1.7 Data AcquisitionA data acquisition system shall be used to record the forces applied
33、to the pushrim and the end of thetrial at a minimum frequency of 50 Hz.6.2 Test Specimen:6.2.1 An installed site of playground surfacing shall be used as the test specimen. The minimum test specimen size shall be 4ft (1.22 m) wide by 8 ft (2.44 m) in length.6.2.2 The surface shall be level and free
34、of surface dirt, ice, or contaminants.6.2.3 Testing shall be conducted when surface temperature, as measured by a temperature probe, is between 40 and 100F (4and 38C).6.3 Test Procedure:6.3.1 Starting from a stationary position with the wheelchair casters in the trailing position, the test wheelchai
35、r rider shall propelthe wheelchair across the test surface a distance of 6.56 +0.66 / 0 ft (2.0 +0.20 / 0 m) using four uniform pushes. The distancethe wheelchair actually rolls shall be recorded to an accuracy of 6 0.79 in. (6 2 cm). The wheelchair rider shall contact thepushrims only during the tr
36、ial and shall maintain the same posture assumed during weight distribution measurement. Thewheelchair shall be propelled in a straight path. At least three of the wheelchair wheels shall be in contact with the test surfaceduring the trial. Each trial shall be completed in 7.0 61.0 s.6.3.2 Record the
37、 forces applied to the pushrim to an accuracy of 6 0.15 ft lbf (6 0.2 N m), at a minimum frequency of50 Hz.6.3.3 Consider the trial acceptable if it meets the following criteria:6.3.3.1 Pushrim torque values below 3.69 ft lbf (5.0 N m) (reverse torque) do not occur;6.3.3.2 One or more wheels do not
38、slip on the surface creating torque values above 7.38 ft lbf (10 N m) with no forwardmovement of the wheelchair;6.3.3.3 The time to complete the 6.56-ft (2.0-m) distance is 7.0 6 1.0 s;6.3.3.4 The torque applied to the wheelchair pushrim is zero or decreasing at the end of the trial;6.3.3.5 The four
39、 propulsion strokes cause the wheelchair to travel a total distance of 6.56 +0.66 / 0 ft (2.0 +0.20 / 0 m).6.3.4 Repeat 6.3.1 6.3.3 until a total of five acceptable trials are recorded. Use a leveled surface for each trial. If testing cannotbe completed successfully on the test surface, document the
40、 reasons.6.3.5 Repeat 6.3.1 6.3.4 with the same test wheelchair rider on a hard, smooth surface with a grade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14)and a cross slope of 0 6 0.5 %.6.4 Calculation:6.4.1 Calculation of work per foot (work per meter):6.4.1.1 For each trial, calculate the average torque by integrating the
41、 area under the torque-time curve and dividing by the timeto complete the trial.6.4.1.2 Calculate the total work required for each trial by multiplying the average torque value by the total wheel angulardisplacement. If the test wheelchair was instrumented with only one pushrim force measuring wheel
42、, multiply this value by two.6.4.1.3 For each trial, normalize the total work required to work per foot (work per meter) by dividing by the length of the trial.6.4.2 Alternative method for calculating work per foot (work per meter):6.4.2.1 For each trial, calculate the average work per foot (work pe
43、r meter) by integrating the area under the torque-angulardisplacement curve or the torque-distance curve, and then dividing by the total angular displacement or length of the trial,respectively. If the test wheelchair was instrumented with only one pushrim force measuring wheel, multiply this value
44、by two.6.4.3 Discard the low and high work per foot (work per meter) values and average the remaining three trials to determine theaverage work per foot (work per meter) required to negotiate the test surface and the hard, smooth surface with a grade of 7.1 60.2 % (1:14).6.5 ReportReport the followi
45、ng information for the straight propulsion test:F1951 1436.5.1 A reference to this specification.6.5.2 Complete identification of the playground surface system tested, including manufacturer, type, manufacturers lot number,if appropriate, thickness, and any other pertinent information.6.5.3 Details
46、of the manufacturers installation instructions. No modification or compaction of the surface is permitted beyondwhat is stated in the manufacturers installation instructions other than what is required for test specimen preparation withinSpecification F1292.6.5.4 Complete identification of the test
47、wheelchair used, including name of manufacturer, model, identification number, andweight.6.5.5 Weight of the test wheelchair rider, total weight and front-to-rear weight distribution of the wheelchair-rider system.6.5.6 Optional additional helpful information includes any other relevant information,
48、 including photographs of the test site andof the wheelchair.6.5.7 Date of tests.6.5.8 The name and address of the test institution.6.5.9 Pushrim torque versus time graphs for each trial.6.5.10 Work per foot (work per meter) values to the nearest 0.1 ft lbf (0.1 N m) and total trial times for all fi
49、ve trials onthe test surface and on the hard, smooth surface with a grade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14).6.5.11 Average work per foot (work per meter) to the nearest 0.1 ft lbf (0.1 N m) for the test surface and for the hard, smoothsurface with a grade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14). If testing could not be successfully completed on the test surface, the report must statethis, as well as the reasons why testing could not be performed according to the test procedure. If the wheelchair continued to rolland could not stop at the speci
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