1、Designation: F 1959/F 1959M 06ae1Standard Test Method forDetermining the Arc Rating of Materials for Clothing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1959/F 1959M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEReference to a research report was added to 14.1 in April 2007.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to measure the a
3、rc rating ofmaterials intended for use as flame resistant clothing forworkers exposed to electric arcs that would generate heat fluxrates from 84 to 25 120 kW/m22 to 600 cal/cm2s.1.2 This test method will measure the arc rating of materialswhich meet the following requirements: less than 150 mm 6in.
4、 char length and less than 2 s afterflame when tested inaccordance with Test Method D 6413.1.2.1 It is not the intent of this test method to evaluate nonflame-resistant materials except where used as under layers inmultiple-layer specimens.1.3 The materials used in this test method are in the form o
5、fflat specimens.1.4 This test method shall be used to measure and describethe properties of materials, products, or assemblies in responseto convective and radiant energy generated by an electric arcunder controlled laboratory conditions.1.5 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded asstandard
6、 except as noted. Within the text, alternate units areshown in brackets.The values stated in each system may not beexact equivalents therefore alternate systems must be usedindependently of the other. Combining values from the systemsdescribed in the text may result in nonconformance with themethod.
7、1.6 This test method does not apply to electrical contact orelectrical shock hazards.1.7 This standard shall not be used to describe or appraisethe fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assembliesunder actual fire conditions. However, results of this test maybe used as elements of a fi
8、re assessment which takes intoaccount all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessmentof the fire hazard of a particular end use.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to es
9、tablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. For specificprecautions, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 43
10、91 Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior ofTextilesD 6413 Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Ver-tical Test)E 457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Usinga Thermal Capacitance (Slug) CalorimeterF 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 ANSI/IEEE Standard:3Stan
11、dard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms2.3 AATCC Standard:4AATCC Method 135-2001 Dimensional Changes in Auto-matic Home Laundering of Woven and Knit Fabrics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ablation, nin electrical arc testing, a physical re-sponse evidenced by significant erosion or t
12、he formation of oneor more large holes in a layer of a multilayer system.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAny layer in a specimen (other than theinnermost layer) is considered to exhibit ablation when thematerial removal or any hole is at least 16 cm22.5 in.2 in areaor at least 8 cm 3.1 in. in length in any dimens
13、ion. Singlethreads across the opening or hole do not reduce the size of thehole for the purposes of this test method. Ablation in one ormore layers of material in a mulitlayer system may removeenergy from the specimen. (See 11.2.7.)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on
14、Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F18.65 on Wearing Apparel.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F 1959/F 1959M 06.2For referenced ASTM standards
15、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),445 Hoes Ln.
16、, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331.4Technical Manual of the American Association of Textile Chemists andColorists.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 ablation response energy (Eab), nthe incident energyon a
17、multilayer system that results in a 50 % probability of thephysical response of ablation.3.1.3 arc duration, ntime duration of the arc, s.3.1.4 arc energy, vi dt, nsum of the instantaneous arcvoltage values multiplied by the instantaneous arc currentvalues multiplied by the incremental time values d
18、uring thearc, J.3.1.5 arc gap, ndistance between the arc electrodes, cmin.3.1.6 arc rating, nvalue attributed to materials that de-scribes their performance to exposure to an electrical arcdischarge.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe arc rating is expressed in cal/cm2and is derived from the determined value of A
19、TPV or EBT-(should a material system exhibit a breakopen response belowthe ATPV value) derived from the determined value of ATPVor EBT(should a material system exhibit a breakopen responsebelow the ATPV value).3.1.7 arc thermal performance value (ATPV), nin arctesting, the incident energy on a mater
20、ial or a multilayer systemof materials that results in a 50 % probability that sufficientheat transfer through the tested specimen is predicted to causethe onset of a second-degree skin burn injury based on theStoll5curve, cal/cm2.3.1.8 arc voltage, nvoltage across the gap caused by thecurrent flowi
21、ng through the resistance created by the arc gap,V.3.1.9 asymmetrical arc current, nthe total arc currentproduced during closure; it includes a direct component and asymmetrical component, A.3.1.10 blowout, nthe extinguishing of the arc caused by amagnetic field.3.1.11 breakopen, nin electric arc te
22、sting, a materialresponse evidenced by the formation of one or more holes inthe material which may allow thermal energy to pass throughthe material.3.1.11.1 DiscussionThe specimen is considered to exhibitbreakopen when any hole is at least 1.6 cm20.5 in.2 in areaor at least 2.5 cm 1.0 in. in any dim
23、ension. Single threadsacross the opening or hole do not reduce the size of the hole forthe purposes of this test method. In multiple layer specimens offlame resistant material, all the layers must breakopen to meetthe definition. In multiple layer specimens, if some of thelayers are ignitable, break
24、open occurs when these layers areexposed.3.1.12 breakopen threshold energy (EBT), nthe incidentenergy on a material or material system that results in a 50 %probability of breakopen.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThis is the value in J/cm2cal/cm2determined by use of logistic regression analysis representingthe
25、energy at which breakopen of the layer occurred.3.1.13 charring, nthe formation of carbonaceous residueas the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.14 delta peak temperature, ndifference between themaximum temperature and the initial temperature of the sensorduring the test, C.3.1.15 drip
26、ping, nin testing flame-resistant clothing,amaterial response evidenced by flowing of a specimensmaterial of composition.3.1.16 embrittlement, nthe formation of a brittle residueas the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.17 heat attenuation factor, HAF, nin electric arctesting, the perc
27、ent of the incident energy that is blocked by amaterial at an incident energy level equal to ATPV.3.1.18 heatflux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by theamount of energy transmitted divided by area and timekW/m2cal/cm2s.3.1.19 i2t, nsum of the instantaneous arc current valuessquared multiplied by t
28、he incremental time values during thearc, A2/s.3.1.20 ignitability, n (ignitable, adj)in electric arc expo-sure, the property of a material involving ignition accompaniedby heat and light, and continued burning resulting in consump-tion of at least 25 % of the exposed area of the test specimen.3.1.2
29、1 ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.1.22 ignition50, nthe incident energy on a fabric ormaterial that results in a 50 % probability that sufficient heattransfer through the tested specimen is predicted to causeignition of a flammable underlayer.3.1.23 incident energy monitoring sensors, nsen
30、sorsmounted on each side of the panel, using the calorimetersdescribed in 6.3, not covered by test material, used to measureincident energy.3.1.24 incident energy (Ei), nthe total heat energy re-ceived at the surface of the panel as a direct result of an electricarc.3.1.25 material response, nmateri
31、al response to an elec-tric arc is indicated by the following terms: breakopen, melting,dripping, charring, embrittlement, shrinkage, and ignition.3.1.26 melting, nin testing flame resistant clothing,amaterial response evidenced by softening of the material.3.1.27 mix zone, nin arc testing, the rang
32、e of incidentenergies, which can result in either a positive or negativeoutcome for predicted second-degree burn injury, breakopen orunderlayer ignition. The low value of the range begins with thelowest incident energy indicating a positive result, and the highvalue or the range is the highest incid
33、ent energy indicating anegative result.3.1.27.1 DiscussionA mix zone is established when thehighest incident energy with a negative result is greater thanthe lowest incident energy with a positive result.3.1.28 peak arc current, nmaximum value of the AC arccurrent, A.3.1.29 RMS arc current, nroot me
34、an square of theAC arccurrent, A.3.1.30 shrinkage, nin testing flame resistant clothing,amaterial response evidenced by reduction in specimen size.5Derived from: Stoll,A. M. and Chianta, M.A., “Method and Rating System forEvaluations of Thermal Protection,” Aerospace Medicine , Vol 40, 1969, pp.1232
35、-1238 and Stoll, A. M. and Chianta, M. A., “Heat Transfer through Fabrics asRelated to Thermal Injury,” TransactionsNew York Academy of Sciences, Vol 33(7), Nov. 1971, pp. 649-670.F 1959/F 1959M 06ae123.1.31 Stoll curve5, nan empirical predicted second-degree skin burn injury model, also commonly re
36、ferred to asthe Stoll Response.3.1.32 time to delta peak temperature, nthe time frombeginning of the initiation of the arc to the time the delta peaktemperature is reached, s.3.1.33 X/R ratiothe ratio of system inductive reactance toresistance. It is proportional to the L/R ratio of time constant,an
37、d is, therefore, indicative of the rate of decay of any DCoffset. A large X/R ratio corresponds to a large time constantand a slow rate of decay.3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminologies D 123, D 4391, and F 1494.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test
38、 method determines the heat transport responsethrough a material, fabric, or fabric system when exposed tothe heat energy from an electric arc. This heat transportresponse is assessed versus the Stoll curve, an approximatehuman tissue tolerance predictive model that projects the onsetof a second-deg
39、ree burn injury.4.1.1 During this procedure, the amount of heat energytransferred by the tested material is measured during and afterexposure to an electric arc.4.1.1.1 The thermal energy exposure and heat transportresponse of test specimens are measured with copper slugcalorimeters. The change in t
40、emperature versus time is used,along with the known thermo-physical properties of copper todetermine the respective heat energies delivered to and throughthe specimens.4.2 Material performance for this procedure is determinedfrom the amount of heat transferred by and through the testedmaterial.4.3 H
41、eat transfer data determined by this test method is thebasis of the arc rating for the material.4.3.1 The arc rating determined by this test method is theamount of energy that predicts a 50 % probability of second-degree burn as determined by the Stoll Curve or breakopen(should the specimen exhibit
42、breakopen before the skin burninjury prediction is reached.4.4 Material response shall be further described by record-ing the observed effects of the electric arc exposure on thespecimens using the terms in 12.6.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of thearc
43、rating of a material, or a combination of materials.5.1.1 Because of the variability of the arc exposure, differ-ent heat transmission values may be observed at individualsensors. Evaluate the results of each sensor in accordance withSection 12.5.2 This test method maintains the specimen in a static
44、,vertical position and does not involve movement except thatresulting from the exposure.5.3 This test method specifies a standard set of exposureconditions. Different exposure conditions may produce differ-ent results. In addition to the standard set of exposure condi-tions, other conditions represe
45、ntative of the expected hazardmay be used and shall be documented in the reporting of thetesting results.6. Apparatus6.1 General Arrangement For Determining Arc Rating Us-ing Three Two-Sensor Panels and Monitor SensorsThe testapparatus shall consist of supply bus, arc controller, recorder,arc electr
46、odes, three two-sensor panels, and monitor sensors.6.1.1 Arrangement of the Two-Sensor PanelsThree two-sensor panels shall be used for each test and be spaced equallyas shown in Fig. 1. Each two-sensor panel shall have twomonitoring sensors. One monitoring sensor shall be positionedon each side of t
47、he two-sensor panel as shown in Fig. 2.6.1.2 Panel ConstructionEach two-sensor panel and eachmonitor sensor holder shall be constructed from non-conductive heat resistant material with a thermal conductivityvalue of 0.9.The paintedsensor shall be dried before use and present a uniformlyapplied coati
48、ng (no visual thick spots or surface irregularities).Note that an external heat source, for example, an external heatlamp, may be required to completely drive off any remainingorganic carriers in a freshly painted surface.6.2.2.1 DiscussionAn evaluation of the emissivity of thepainted calorimeters u
49、sed in this test method is available fromASTM; “ASTM Research Program on Electric Arc TestMethod Development to Evaluate Protective Clothing Fabric;ASTM F18.65.01 Testing Group Report onArc TestingAnaly-sis of the F 1959 Standard Test MethodPhase 1.”6.2.3 The thermocouple wire is installed in the calorimeteras shown in Fig. 6.6.2.4 Alternate calorimeters are permitted for use as moni-tor sensors provided they are calibrated and have a similarresponse to those in 6.2.1. The use of a different thermocouplejunction, expos
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