1、Designation: F1959/F1959M 12F1959/F1959M 13Standard Test Method forDetermining the Arc Rating of Materials for Clothing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1959/F1959M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to measure the arc rating of materials intended for use as flame resistant clo
3、thing for workersexposed to electric arcs that would generate heat flux rates from 84 to 25 120 kW/m2 2 to 600 cal/cm2s.1.2 This test method will measure the arc rating of materials which meet the following requirements: less than 150 mm 6 in.char length and less than 2 s afterflame when tested in a
4、ccordance with Test Method D6413.1.2.1 It is not the intent of this test method to evaluate non flame-resistant materials except where used as under layers inmultiple-layer specimens.1.3 The materials used in this test method are in the form of flat specimens.1.4 This test method shall be used to me
5、asure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response toconvective and radiant energy generated by an electric arc under controlled laboratory conditions.1.5 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as standard except as noted. Within the text, alternate units ar
6、e shown inbrackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents therefore alternate systems must be used independentlyof the other. Combining values from the systems described in the text may result in nonconformance with the method.1.6 This test method does not apply to electrical
7、 contact or electrical shock hazards.1.7 This standard shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire assessment which takes into account all oft
8、he factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practi
9、ces and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use. For specific precautions, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD4391 Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior o
10、f TextilesD6413 Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Vertical Test)E457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Using a Thermal Capacitance (Slug) CalorimeterF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 ANSI/IEEE Standard:3Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms
11、2.3 AATCC Standard:4AATCC Method 135-2001 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering of Woven and Knit Fabrics1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF18.65 on Wearing Appa
12、rel.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012Oct. 1, 2013. Published November 2012November 2013. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20062012as F1959/F1959M 06aF1959/F1959M 12.1. DOI: 10.1520/F1959_F1959M-12.10.1520/F1959_F1959M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM
13、 website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), 445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 13
14、31, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331.4 Technical Manual of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be
15、 technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive
16、, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ablation, nin electrical arc testing, a physical response evidenced by significant erosion or the formation of one or morelarge holes in a layer of a multilayer system.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAny layer in a
17、specimen (other than the innermost layer) is considered to exhibit ablation when the material removal or any holeis at least 16 cm2 2.5 in.2 in area or at least 8 cm 3.1 in. in length in any dimension. Single threads across the opening or holedo not reduce the size of the hole for the purposes of th
18、is test method. Ablation in one or more layers of material in a mulitlayersystem may remove energy from the specimen. (See 11.2.7.)3.1.2 ablation response energy (Eab), nthe incident energy on a multilayer system that results in a 50 % probability of thephysical response of ablation.3.1.3 arc durati
19、on, ntime duration of the arc, s.3.1.4 arc energy, vi dt, nsum of the instantaneous arc voltage values multiplied by the instantaneous arc current valuesmultiplied by the incremental time values during the arc, J.3.1.5 arc gap, ndistance between the arc electrodes, cm in.3.1.6 arc rating, nvalue att
20、ributed to materials that describes their performance to exposure to an electrical arc discharge.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe arc rating is expressed in cal/cm2 and is derived from the determined value ofATPV or EBT (should a material system exhibita breakopen response below theATPV value) derived from the
21、 determined value ofATPV or EBT (should a material system exhibita breakopen response below the ATPV value).3.1.7 arc thermal performance value (ATPV), nthe incident energy on a material or a multilayer system of materials thatresults in a 50 % probability that sufficient heat transfer through the t
22、ested specimen is predicted to cause the onset of asecond-degree skin burn injury based on the Stoll5 curve, kW/m2 cal/cm2.3.1.8 arc voltage, nvoltage across the gap caused by the current flowing through the resistance created by the arc gap, V.3.1.9 asymmetrical arc current, nthe total arc current
23、produced during closure; it includes a direct component and asymmetrical component, A.3.1.10 blowout, nthe extinguishing of the arc caused by a magnetic field.3.1.11 breakopen, nin electric arc testing, a material response evidenced by the formation of one or more holes in the materialwhich may allo
24、w thermal energy to pass through the material.3.1.11.1 DiscussionThe specimen is considered to exhibit breakopen when any hole is at least 1.6 cm2 0.5 in.2 in area or at least 2.5 cm 1.0 in.in any dimension. Single threads across the opening or hole do not reduce the size of the hole for the purpose
25、s of this test method.In multiple layer specimens of flame resistant material, all the layers must breakopen to meet the definition. In multiple layerspecimens, if some of the layers are ignitable, breakopen occurs when these layers are exposed.3.1.12 breakopen threshold energy (EBT) , nthe incident
26、 energy on a material or material system that results in a 50 %probability of breakopen.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThis is the value in J/cm2 cal/cm 2 determined by use of logistic regression analysis representing the energy at which breakopenof the layer occurred.3.1.13 charring, nthe formation of carbonac
27、eous residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.14 dripping, nin testing flame-resistant clothing, a material response evidenced by flowing of a specimens material ofcomposition.5 Derived from: Stoll, A. M. and Chianta, M. A., “Method and Rating System for Evaluations of Thermal
28、 Protection,” Aerospace Medicine , Vol 40, 1969, pp. 1232-1238and Stoll, A. M. and Chianta, M. A., “Heat Transfer through Fabrics as Related to Thermal Injury,” TransactionsNew York Academy of Sciences, Vol 33 (7), Nov. 1971,pp. 649-670.F1959/F1959M 1323.1.15 embrittlement, nthe formation of a britt
29、le residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.16 heat attenuation factor, HAF, n in electric arc testing, the percent of the incident energy that is blocked by a materialat an incident energy level equal to ATPV.3.1.17 heatflux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by the amount of
30、energy transmitted divided by area and timekW/m2 cal/cm2s.3.1.18 i2 t,nsum of the instantaneous arc current values squared multiplied by the incremental time values during the arc, A2/s.3.1.19 ignitability, n (ignitable, adj)in electric arc exposure, the property of a material involving ignition acc
31、ompanied by heatand light, and continued burning resulting in consumption of at least 25 % of the exposed area of the test specimen.3.1.20 ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.1.21 ignition50, nthe incident energy on a fabric or material that results in a 50 % probability that sufficient heat t
32、ransferthrough the tested specimen is predicted to cause ignition of a flammable underlayer.3.1.22 incident energy monitoring sensors, nsensors mounted on each side of the panel, using the calorimeters described in6.3, not covered by test material, used to measure incident energy.3.1.23 incident ene
33、rgy (Ei) , nthe total heat energy received at the surface of the panel as a direct result of an electric arc.3.1.24 material response, nmaterial response to an electric arc is indicated by the following terms: breakopen, melting,dripping, charring, embrittlement, shrinkage, and ignition.3.1.25 melti
34、ng, nin testing flame resistant clothing, a material response evidenced by softening of the material.3.1.26 mix zone, nin arc testing, the range of incident energies, which can result in either a positive or negative outcome forpredicted second-degree burn injury, breakopen or underlayer ignition. T
35、he low value of the range begins with the lowest incidentenergy indicating a positive result, and the high value or the range is the highest incident energy indicating a negative result.3.1.26.1 DiscussionA mix zone is established when the highest incident energy with a negative result is greater th
36、an the lowest incident energy witha positive result.3.1.27 peak arc current, nmaximum value of the AC arc current, A.3.1.28 RMS arc current, nroot mean square of the AC arc current, A.3.1.29 shrinkage, nin testing flame resistant clothing, a material response evidenced by reduction in specimen size.
37、3.1.30 Stoll curve5, nan empirical predicted second-degree skin burn injury model, also commonly referred to as the StollResponse.3.1.31 X/R ratiothe ratio of system inductive reactance to resistance. It is proportional to the L/R ratio of time constant, andis, therefore, indicative of the rate of d
38、ecay of any DC offset. A large X/R ratio corresponds to a large time constant and a slowrate of decay.3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminologies D123, D4391, and F1494.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method determines the heat transport respons
39、e through a material, fabric, or fabric system when exposed to theheat energy from an electric arc. This heat transport response is assessed versus the Stoll curve, an approximate human tissuetolerance predictive model that projects the onset of a second-degree burn injury.4.1.1 During this procedur
40、e, the amount of heat energy transferred by the tested material is measured during and after exposureto an electric arc.4.1.1.1 The thermal energy exposure and heat transport response of test specimens are measured with copper slug calorimeters.The change in temperature versus time is used, along wi
41、th the known thermo-physical properties of copper to determine therespective heat energies delivered to and through the specimens.4.2 Material performance for this procedure is determined from the amount of heat transferred by and through the testedmaterial.4.3 Heat transfer data determined by this
42、test method is the basis of the arc rating for the material.4.3.1 The arc rating determined by this test method is the amount of energy that predicts a 50 % probability of second-degreeburn as determined by the Stoll Curve or breakopen (should the specimen exhibit breakopen before the skin burn inju
43、ry predictionis reached.4.4 Material response shall be further described by recording the observed effects of the electric arc exposure on the specimensusing the terms in 12.6.F1959/F1959M 1335. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the arc rating of a materia
44、l, or a combination of materials.5.1.1 Because of the variability of the arc exposure, different heat transmission values may be observed at individual sensors.Evaluate the results of each sensor in accordance with Section 12.5.2 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, vertical position
45、 and does not involve movement except that resultingfrom the exposure.5.3 This test method specifies a standard set of exposure conditions. Different exposure conditions may produce different results.In addition to the standard set of exposure conditions, other conditions representative of the expec
46、ted hazard may be used and shallbe documented in the reporting of the testing results.6. Apparatus6.1 General Arrangement For Determining Arc Rating Using Three Two-Sensor Panels and Monitor SensorsThe testapparatus shall consist of supply bus, arc controller, recorder, arc electrodes, three two-sen
47、sor panels, and monitor sensors.6.1.1 Arrangement of the Two-Sensor PanelsThree two-sensor panels shall be used for each test and be spaced equally asshown in Fig. 1. Each two-sensor panel shall have two monitoring sensors. One monitoring sensor shall be positioned on each sideof the two-sensor pane
48、l as shown in Fig. 2.6.1.1.1 Monitor sensors located at a radius different from the two-sensor panels shall be employed when the incident energyfrom the arc exposure results in monitor sensor temperature values that exceed the maximum allowed operating characteristic ofthe copper calorimeter. See 11
49、.1.1. Monitor sensors shall be positioned whereby there is a clear, unobstructed path between thesensors and the arc electrode centerline.6.1.2 Panel ConstructionEach two-sensor panel and each monitor sensor holder shall be constructed from non-conductiveheat resistant material with a thermal conductivity value of 0.9. The painted sensor shall be dried before use and present a uniformly applied coating (novisual thick spots or surface irregularities). Note that an external heat source, for example, an external heat
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