ASTM F1971-2005 Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistance of Tires Under Load On the Test Bench《试验台负荷下轮胎电阻的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: F 1971 05Standard Test Method forElectrical Resistance of Tires Under Load On the TestBench1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1971; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r

2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the electri-cal resistance between the wheel of a mounted and inflatedtire-wheel

3、 assembly and a flat conducting surface in loadedcontact with the tire.1.2 This test method specifies procedures and equipmentsuch that electrical resistance can be accurately determined fortires with values up to 1012V (ohms).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The

4、values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of

5、 regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:F 538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-formance of Tires22.2 Other Standards:The Tire and Rim Association Inc. Yearbook (TRA), currentissue3The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization(ETRTO), curre

6、nt issue4The Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association, Inc.Yearbook (JATMA), current issue5International Standard ISO 16392 Electrical ResistanceTest Methods to Measure the Electrical Resistance ofTyres on a Test Rig6Wirtschaftsverband der deutschen Kautschukindustrie e.V.(W.d.K) 110 Measurem

7、ent of the Electrical Resistance ofTyres3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 connection point, nany point on the wheel or metalloading plate where the resistance measuring instrumentsleads are connected. F 5383.1.2 rim, nthe specially shaped circular periphery towhich a tire may be mounted with appro

8、priate bead fitment.F 5383.1.3 test load, nthe force applied to a tire through therim; it is normal to the metal loading plate onto which the tireis loaded. F 5383.1.4 tire electrical resistance, nthe electrical resistancein ohms (V) measured between the wheel of a mounted andinflated tire-wheel ass

9、embly and a metallic plate onto whichthe tire is loaded at a specified load. F 5383.1.5 wheel, na rigid structure consisting of a rim con-nected to a central disk that permits rotationally centeredattachment to an axle. F 5383.1.6 For additional definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to

10、 Terminology F 538.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The electrical resistance of an inflated tire-wheel assem-bly (see Note 1) is measured between the wheel and theconducting surface against which the tire is loaded. Thismeasurement involves the use of an appropriate resistancemeter and voltage applicat

11、ion system, as well as a special testfixture or measuring stand.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tiresand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.30 on Laboratory (Non-Vehicular) Testing.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2005. Published August 2005. Origi

12、nallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 197199.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe

13、ASTM website.3Available from the Tire and Rim Association, Inc., 175 Montrose West Ave.,Suite 150, Copley, OH 44321.4Available from the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization, 32/2avenue Brugmann, B-1060 Brussels, Belgium.5Available from the Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association, No.

14、 33Mori Building, 8thFloor, 3-8-21 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan 105-0001.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,

15、PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1A tire mounted on an approved wheel and inflated to aspecified pressure.5. Significance and Use5.1 Occasions exist where static charges on the vehicle mustbe dissipated by way of the tires. Electrical resistance inverselymeasures the tires ability to dissipate stat

16、ic charge from thevehicle.6. Apparatus6.1 Resistance Measuring Instrument (ohmmeter)Resistance shall be measured by a commercial instrumentcapable of measuring electrical resistance in ohms and havinga power source capable of 1000 V. The voltage shall becontrolled as described in Table 1 and shall n

17、ot dissipate morethan 3 W in the test sample. The instrument shall be capable ofdetermining the resistance up to a value of 1012V with anaccuracy of 65 %. The input impedance shall be at least 1014V.6.2 Metal Loading PlateA flat plate of dimensions suffi-cient to encompass the entire contact surface

18、 of the tire undertest and with sufficient thickness to support the test loadsdescribed in Section 8 without visible deformation. This plateshall be made of a conductive noncorrosive metal, for example,brass or stainless steel, free from any coating or obvioussurface contamination, such as oxidation

19、 or corrosion. Alumi-num shall not be used for the plate because of its highsusceptibility to the rapid development of surface oxides,which may adversely affect reading accuracy.6.3 Loading ApparatusA loading fixture (Fig. 1) capableof applying the tire load, in a radial direction, against the metal

20、loading plate. Test load measurement accuracy shall be 61%.6.4 Insulating MaterialAsheet of insulating material suchas polyethylene, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), or equivalent,with sufficient strength to support the test loads described inSection 8 without visible deformation. The insulating mate

21、rialshould have dimensions of at least 50 mm (2.0 in.) greater, onall sides, than the metal loading plate.6.4.1 With insulating sheet installed between the metalloading plate and the loading apparatus base (Fig. 1), theelectrical resistance between the metal loading plate and theloading apparatus sh

22、ould be at least 1014V. In practice, theelectrical resistance of the plate relative to the loading appa-ratus must be at least two orders of magnitude higher than thetire being measured.6.5 Pressure GageA commercially available gage with anaccuracy of 63 kPa (60.5 psi).7. Conditioning7.1 For at leas

23、t 8 h prior to measurement of passenger, lighttruck, and motorcycle tire applications (24 h for all other tires),the tire to be tested shall be kept at an ambient temperature of23 6 5C 73 6 9F, and at a relative humidity less than60 %.8. Measurement Conditions8.1 The test load applied during the mea

24、surement is 80 65 % of the maximum load capacity of the tire as listed in theapplicable TRA, ETRTO, or JATMA standards.8.2 The inflation pressure is equal to 80 6 5 % of thepressure corresponding to the maximum load of the tire.8.3 If the tire size is not listed in the applicable TRA,ETRTO, or JATMA

25、 standards, the above percentages apply tothe loads and inflations as marked on the sidewall of the tire.8.4 Ambient temperature during the measurement shall bemaintained at 23 6 5C (73 6 9F).8.5 Relative humidity during the measurement shall bemaintained at #60 %.9. Procedure9.1 Preparation of the

26、Tire-Wheel Assembly:9.1.1 The approved wheel (see Note 2) (steel preferred)must be stripped clean in the bead seat area, as well as at theconnection point. As an alternative, if the electrical resistanceof the wheel is known to be two orders of magnitude lowerthan the tire to be measured, stripping

27、is not necessary.NOTE 2A wheel whose rim meets the specifications of the Tire andRim Association (TRA) Yearbook or applicable document.9.1.2 It is necessary to make sure that the tire is dry beforetaking the measurement. Dry mount the tire if possible. Toavoid damage to tires in the case of difficul

28、t mountingconditions, a water-soluble mounting solution can be used.Anymounting solution on the sidewall or tread of the tire must becleaned and dried.9.1.3 Mark a reference point on one tire sidewall with anonconductive material. The reference point could be at aspecific tire marking such as the Un

29、ited States Department ofTransportation “DOT” mark, the Economic Commission forEurope (ECE) “E” mark, or other selected tire marking.9.2 Setup:9.2.1 Set up the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1.9.2.2 Clean the metal loading plate with isopropyl alcoholor a similar agent and allow to dry.9.2.3 Install the

30、 tire-wheel assembly on the loading fixtureand clean the exterior of the tire with isopropyl alcohol or asimilar agent and allow to dry. Conductive or nonconductivesubstances on the tire such as mold release agents, or paints, orboth, which could affect the results, must be removed. The useof organi

31、c solvents likely to attack the rubber is prohibited.9.2.4 Connect the ohmmeter leads to the metal loading plateand to the wheel. Alternatively, a connection can be made onthe loading fixture if the resistance between this point and thebead seat of the wheel is no more than 10 V.9.3 Preload Cycle:9.

32、3.1 Load the tire-wheel assembly at the reference point tothe value specified in Section 8, hold for 1 min, and thenremove the load.9.3.2 Repeat the load-unload cycle a second time, as statedin 9.3.1. (This second preload may be omitted provided theTABLE 1 Test VoltageTire Resistance Range (V) Test

33、Voltage (V)103to 1041104to 10510105to 106100106to 10121000F1971052tester can demonstrate sufficiency of a single preload based onmeasurement capabilities and supporting data.) The secondload-unload cycle provides harmonization with other stan-dards.9.4 Measurement:9.4.1 If the range of the resistanc

34、e is unknown, initiallyapply 1000 V and decrease the voltage according to Table 1 asnecessary. Load the tire to the test load and immediately applythe test voltage in accordance with Table 1 (see 9.3.2 regardingsufficiency for testing following one load-unload cycle).9.4.2 Record the resistance meas

35、urement 3 min 6 10 s afterthe voltage has been applied. The voltage and load are to beapplied continuously to the tire until after the final measure-ment is recorded.9.4.3 Unload the tire.9.4.4 Repeat the preload cycle and measurement in accor-dance with 9.3 and 9.4 for at least two additional circu

36、mfer-ential locations evenly spaced around the tire.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 The resultant electrical resistance of the tire is com-prised of the mean of the electrical resistance measurements ofall circumferential locations tested.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Indi

37、vidual electrical resistance measurements foreach circumferential location tested.11.1.2 The mean (resultant) and standard deviation of theelectrical resistance measurements for all circumferential loca-tions tested.11.1.3 The value of the applied voltage.11.1.4 The product(s) used for cleaning the

38、tire and theplate.11.1.5 Composition of mounting solution, if used.11.1.6 Material of the test wheel. If the wheel has not beenstripped, so indicate on the test report.11.1.7 Ambient temperature during test.11.1.8 Relative humidity during test.11.1.9 Actual test inflation pressure and load.11.1.10 R

39、im width/contour (for example, 512 J).11.1.11 Pertinent tire descriptions to include:11.1.11.1 Tire size.11.1.11.2 Manufacturer.11.1.11.3 Brand name.11.1.11.4 Service description.11.1.11.5 Load range.11.1.11.6 Full (including the tire production date) UnitedStates Department of Transportation (DOT)

40、tire identificationnumber that follows the “DOT” marking.11.1.12 Location of the reference point, for example,“DOT,” “E,” or other marking, and on which tire sidewall, forexample, inside or outside.FIG. 1 ApparatusF197105311.2 Reporting Units and Significant DigitsAs specifiedbelow:Electrical resist

41、ance: a.aEyy Vwhere:a.aEyy = a.a times 10 to the power yy (Example5.1E06 = 5.1 3 106)Temperature = xxC,Relative humidity = xx %,Load = xxxx N,Inflation = xxx kPa, andVoltage = xxxx V.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionNo precision data presently exists for thistest method.Aprogram to evaluate preci

42、sion will be completedon or before January 2009.12.2 BiasA reference value does not exist for this testmethod since the value or level of the test property isexclusively defined by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannotbe defined.13. Keywords13.1 electrical resistance; load; test bench; tiresASTM

43、International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are enti

44、rely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand

45、 should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on

46、 Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F1971054