1、Designation: F1975 15 An American National StandardStandard Specification forNonpowered Bicycle Trailers Designed for HumanPassengers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1975; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers a nonpowered trailer intendedto be pulled behind a bicycle in order to
3、 transport one or twochildren with an accessory load of a maximum weight of 45.4kg (100 lb). It includes test methods for confirming that thisspecification is satisfied.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The units given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 The
4、 following caveat pertains only to the test methodsportion, Section 5, of this specification: This standard does notpurport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associatedwith its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standardto establish appropriate safety and health practices
5、 anddetermine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior touse.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusD1230 Test Method for Flammability of Apparel TextilesD4329 Practice for Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Ap-paratus Exposure of Pla
6、sticsG23 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus(Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposureof Nonmetallic Materials (Withdrawn 2000)32.2 ANSI Standard:4ANSI Z535.4, Product Safety Signs and Labels2.3 Federal Standards:5Title 16, CFR 1500.3(b)(4)(i) Hazardous SubstanceTitle 16, CFR
7、1500.3(c)(6)(vi) Flame TestingTitle 16, CFR 1500.44 FlammabilityTitle 16, CFR 1500.48 Sharp PointsTitle 16, CFR 1500.49 Sharp EdgesTitle 16, CFR 1501 Small PartsTitle 16, CFR 1303 Lead in CoatingsTitle 16, CFR 1512 Requirements for Bicycles, Sections:1512.18(n), Reflector Test3. Terminology3.1 Defin
8、itions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 backrest, nthe segment of the seat that is designed tosupport the occupants back. This may or may not includesupport for the upper body, including the head and neck.3.1.2 bicycle trailer (trailer), na transporting device de-signed for towing behind a b
9、icycle, which provides a restrainedseating position to one or more occupants, with fasteningarrangements for attaching the device.3.1.3 hard horizontal surface, na surface, perpendicular tothe direction of gravity, such as level ground or building floor,whose surface is either concrete, pavement, or
10、 similar rigidmaterial whose deflection, while carrying the weight of a fullyloaded trailer, does not exceed 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) from theunloaded horizontal plane at any point.3.1.4 normal use, napplications described as intended usefor the product found within the manufacturers instructionalliteratur
11、e.3.1.5 normal use temperatures, ntemperature range withinwhich it should be anticipated that the trailer may be used totransport children. The range is from 7 6 2C to 35 6 2C(19.4 6 4.6F to 95 6 4.6F).3.1.6 occupant, na child or person who is restrained in aseated position inside the trailer and wh
12、ose efforts do notcontribute to the overall operation and performance of thevehicle.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08and is thedirect responsibility of Subcommittee F08.10 on Bicycles.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved
13、 in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F1975 09. DOI:10.1520/F1975-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
14、ge onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Code of Federal Regulations, available from U.S. Government Printi
15、ng Office,Washington, DC 20402.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.7 restrain, vto prevent the occupant(s) of the trailerfrom leaving the seated position on the seat of the trailer bymeans of a restraint system (design
16、ed by the manufacturer)when used in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.3.1.8 rider, na person whose effort and skills contribute tothe overall operation and performance of the vehicle.3.1.9 seated height space, na dimension of space that iswithin the protective structure of a trailer. Th
17、is space is themeasured height of the occupants protective cavity, measuredfrom the seat bottom and along the backrest to the top of thespace allowed for occupants.3.1.10 test dummy, na dummy that shall be of a designconsistent with the use of the trailer seat and restraint system.It shall have adeq
18、uate head/neck, shoulder, and arm geometryto ensure proper application of the upper body restraints. Theweight of the dummy shall be 22.7 6 1kg(506 2.2 lb). Theupper legs, measured perpendicularly from the dummys back,shall extend a minimum of 375 mm (14.8 in.). The dummysback is the surface of the
19、dummy that is in contact with the seatback when the dummy is seated. The dummys bottom is thesurface of the dummy that is in contact with the seat bottomwhen the dummy is in the seated position. The weightdistribution throughout the dummy shall result in a center ofgravity position that is 230 6 10
20、mm (9.1 6 0.4 in.) from thedummys bottom and 130 6 10 mm (5.1 6 0.4 in.) from thedummys back when in the seated position.3.1.11 tongue, na rigid structure or pole that extends fromthe frame of the trailer to the hitch of the trailer.3.1.12 useful product lifecycle, nthe allowable range oftime for co
21、ntinued use of the product from the date ofmanufacture as described within the manufacturers instruc-tional literature.4. Requirements4.1 GeneralA bicycle trailer shall be designed and manu-factured in such a way that when used in accordance with themanufacturers instructions, components with which
22、an occu-pant may come in contact do not cause injury. Exposedsurfaces shall be free from burrs, sharp edges, and points. Referto Title 16, CFR 1500, Parts 48 and 49, and Title 16, CFR1501. No openings with which the occupants hands can comein contact shall have dimensions between 6 mm (0.236 in.) an
23、d13 mm (0.512 in.). A trailer shall be equipped with a rearreflector; side reflectors are required on wheels. Refer to Title16, CFR 1512, Parts 16 and 18(n). The manufacturer shall warnthe rider that a load added to the bicycle will alter the stabilityand riding characteristics of the bicycle.4.2 Eq
24、uipmentA trailer shall be equipped with the follow-ing equipment: seating area, footrest area, space for helmetedhead, devices that protect the hands and feet from moving ormovable components of the trailer or the bicycle that couldcause injury, and adjustable belt(s) or other capturing devicesdesig
25、ned to restrain the occupant when seated.4.3 AttachmentThe attachment process for connecting thetrailer to the bicycle shall be of a simple and secure procedure.If tools are required for attachment, attaching shall be accom-plished with common household tools.4.4 DimensionsThe backrest shall have a
26、minimum heightof 350 mm (13.8 in.). The seated height space shall be aminimum of 550 mm (22 in.).4.5 Materials:4.5.1 All nonmetallic materials that compose structuralcomponents will be subjected to either (1) 100 h of acceleratedweathering in accordance with Method 1 of Practice G23,or(2) 60 h of ac
27、celerated weathering in accordance with PracticeD4329. The material sample will then be subjected to a tensilestrength test with increasing load until failure. An identicalsample of the same material, not subjected to the acceleratedweathering test, will then be subjected to the same tensilestrength
28、 test. The failure load of the accelerated weatheringsample shall be a minimum of 60 % of the failure load of theunweathered sample.4.5.2 All metallic materials of structural components shallbe tested in accordance with the Salt Spray Test in PracticeB117 for a period of 96 h. Materials shall be pla
29、ced in the testenvironment in a condition consistent with their application onthe trailer, with surface coatings and openings sealed or open asin normal use. After exposure to the salt spray, inspect forevidence of corrosion. No corrosion beyond 20 % of theprimary wall thickness of the metal materia
30、l is permitted.Painted portions shall comply with Title 16, CFR 1303.4.5.3 Materials known to be a hazardous substance, asdefined in Title 16, CFR 1500.3(b)(4)(i), shall not be used.4.5.4 Materials other than fabrics shall not support flamepropagation in excess of the requirements of Title 16, CFR15
31、00.3(c)(6)(vi) when flame tested to Title 16, CFR1500.44.Fabrics shall achieve a Class 1 rating when tested in accor-dance with Test Method D1230.5. Test Methods5.1 Strength TestsThe dummy, or dummies, to be used inthe following tests shall comply with the dummy specificationin 3.1.10.5.1.1 Restrain
32、t System Test:5.1.1.1 Erect the trailer in the manufacturers suggested useconfiguration. Remove the trailer tongue. Restrain a dummyinto each seating position in accordance with the manufactur-ers instruction for maximum occupancy.5.1.1.2 Elevate the trailer, as shown in Fig. 1, from the rear,so tha
33、t the orientation toward the ground is the same as thetrailers direction of forward motion when attached to a bicycle(front-most structure of the trailer is closest to the impactsurface). The impact surface is a hard material, concrete orsimilar. The drop height is 1.2 m (3.9 ft).5.1.1.3 By convenie
34、nt method, release the trailer to droponto the surface.5.1.1.4 Inspect the trailer structure. No part of the occu-pants protective structure shall deform more than 25 mm (1.0in.), or separate. No part of the restraint system shall separate.5.1.2 Structural Integrity in Rollover:5.1.2.1 Erect the tra
35、iler in the manufacturers suggested useconfiguration. Remove the wheels.5.1.2.2 Place the trailer, as defined by 5.1.2.1, onto the 45incline test table shown in Fig. 2. Fix the trailer to the test tableF1975 152at the wheel attachment points using dummy wheel hubs, andat the tongue attachment point
36、of the trailer using a dummytrailer tongue.5.1.2.3 Position the lever arm with the sled placed over thetopmost point of the trailer frame, as shown. The sled hasbearings permitting it to roll along the lever as a load isapplied. With the weight of the lever arm and the sled restingon the trailer fra
37、me, mark the position of the sled, along thelever arm. This is the initial position mark.5.1.2.4 Measure the load, F. This is the force applied at thecontact point by the combined weight of the lever arm and sled.This force shall be less than 20 kg (44 lb).5.1.2.5 Determine the appropriate amount of
38、 weight to hangfrom the end of the lever arm. Measure the distance along thelever from the pivot point to the trailer contact point, this ismeasure T in Fig. 2. Then measure the length, L, along thelever arm from the pivot point to the weight attachment point.Determine the size of the weight, W, fro
39、m the calculation inFig. 2.5.1.2.6 Place the weight W at the end of the lever arm, Fig.3, for 15 s then remove. The trailer must support that weight,statically, for 10 s of that period. Leave the lever arm and sledresting on the trailer. Mark the position of the sled along thelever arm. This is the
40、final position mark.5.1.2.7 The distance between the initial position mark andfinal position mark shall be less than 80 mm (3.1 in.).5.2 Tipover Resistance Tests:5.2.1 Tilting ProcedureTilt the table until the uphill wheelstarts to lift off the table. The tilt rate should be sufficientlyslow that th
41、e angle of the table at which the uphill tire lifts offcan be easily identified.5.2.2 Single or Multiple-Occupant Trailer TestErect thetrailer in the manufacturers suggested use configuration andinflate the tires to the trailer manufacturers suggested airpressure. Restrain a dummy or dummies into th
42、e most onerousseating position (worst case as defined by the manufacturer).The minimum allowable tilt angle for the single-occupanttrailer is 25.5.3 Coupling Security Test:5.3.1 Erect the trailer in the manufacturers suggested useconfiguration. Inflate the tires to the trailer manufacturerssuggested
43、 air pressure. Restrain a dummy into each seatingposition in accordance with the manufacturers instruction formaximum occupancy. By convenient method place an addi-tional 5.7 kg (12.5 lb), per dummy, onto the trailer seat.5.3.2 Fasten the trailer as shown in Fig. 4 to the rear bicycleframe portion o
44、f the test fixture. The test fixture must complywith the specifications found in Fig. 5. Measure the horizontalposition of the hitch relative to a convenient part of the rearbike frame.5.3.3 Fix a rail or barrier device along the path of the trailersleft or right wheel to prevent side-to-side motion
45、 of the trailerduring the test. (A trailers with a tongue designed to approachthe bicycle on the right side will tend to move left during thistest.)5.3.4 Start the test and set the motor to run at 60 6 2 rpm.Allow the test to run for a duration of 100 000 cycles.5.3.5 Inspect the trailer tongue, hit
46、ch, and tongue mountinghardware. No part of the construction shall separate or incur afracture or crack. Repeat the horizontal hitch placement mea-surement of 5.3.2. The difference in this measurement, beforeand after the test, shall not exceed 15 mm (0.6 in.).5.4 System Fatigue Test (Axle/Frame):5.
47、4.1 The test equipment shall be capable of simulating thepassing of the trailer over a bump. The device is a drum withthe trailer positioned so the wheel or wheels sit atop the drum(Fig. 6). The placement of the wheel axle shall be between 25and 50 mm (1.0 to 2.0 in.) rearward in the horizontal dire
48、ctionfrom the highest point on the drum. The minimum width of theflywheel shall be wide enough to permit the trailer to moveside-to-side a distance of 150 mm (6 in.) in either direction.The drum shall have one cleat if testing a single-wheel trailerand two cleats if testing a two-wheel trailer. The
49、cleat shall beno less than 38 mm (1.5 in.) high and no greater than 100 mm(3.9 in.) in the direction of motion. The leading edge shall beinclined at 45 from horizontal, and the drop at the trailingedge shall be 90 from horizontal. The single cleat shall becentered across the trailer path and occupy the minimum widthof the flywheel. The two cleats shall each be a minimum of 300mm (11.8 in.) long and centered perpendicular to the track ofeach trailer wheel in a manner where the first cleat strikes thewheel on one side only, and proce
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