1、Designation: F 1976 06An American National StandardStandard Test Method forImpact Attenuation Properties of Athletic Shoes Using anImpact Test1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1976; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for the measurementof the impact response properti
3、es of athletic shoes usingProcedure A of Test Method F 1614.1.2 This test method is limited to tests using a falling weightimpact machine, as defined by Procedure A of Test MethodF 1614.1.3 This test method is intended for use on the heel and orforefoot regions of whole, intact athletic shoe cushion
4、ingsystems.An athletic shoe cushioning system is defined as all ofthe layers of material between the wearers foot and the groundsurface that are normally considered a part of the shoe. Thismay include any of the following components: outsole or otherabrasion resistant layer, a midsole or other compl
5、iant cushion-ing layer, an insole, insole board, or other material layeroverlying the midsole, parts of the upper and heel counterreinforcement which extend beneath the foot, and an insock orother cushioning layer inside the shoe.1.4 This test method is not intended for use as a test of shoesclassif
6、ied by the manufacturer as childrens shoes.1.5 The type, size or dimensions and thickness of thespecimen, and the reference maximum energy applied shallqualify test results obtained by this test method.1.5.1 Nominal specimen thickness values for this testmethod are in the range from 10 to 60 mm (0.4
7、 to 2.4 in.). Thearea of the shoe to be tested must present an approximatelycircular, flat surface of at least 65 mm (2.6 in.) in diameter forimpacting.1.5.2 The standard value for the reference maximum energyapplied by this test method is 5 J (44.2 in.-lbf) for shoes whichare subject to moderate im
8、pacts during normal use and 7.0 J(61.9 in.-lbf) for shoes which are subject to high impactsduring normal use. Other values may be used, if they are statedin the report.1.6 This test method is not appropriate for measuring theimpact response of shoes that are not subjected to moderateimpact or high i
9、mpact in normal use.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
10、 determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1614 Test Method for Shock Attenuating Properties ofMaterials Systems for Athletic Footwear3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 cushioning systemone or
11、more components of thesole of a shoe intended for the redistribution of force or shockattenuation, or both, including one or more of the insock,insole, midsole, and outsole.3.1.2 drop heightheight from which the falling mass isdropped, being the distance between the top of the specimenand the top of
12、 the tup.3.1.3 impactrapid deceleration of the lower extremity dueto collision between the foot and the surface.3.1.3.1 impact energykinetic energy of the falling weightof an impact test machine at the instant the face of the tup firstcontacts the cushioning system under test.NOTE 1For a given impac
13、t energy, the maximum energy appliedvaries, depending on the properties of the cushioning system under test.The difference between the impact energy and the maximum energyapplied is the additional potential energy lost by the falling mass betweenthe initial contact with the cushioning system and the
14、 point of maximumdisplacement.3.1.3.2 low impactimpact during which the peak groundreaction force is less than 1.5 body weights and the peak axialdeceleration of the lower leg is less than 4 g.3.1.3.3 moderate impactimpact during which the peakground reaction force is greater than 1.5 body weights a
15、nd less1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.54 onAthletic Footwear.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved
16、in 1999 as F 1976 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
17、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.than 3 body weights and the peak axial deceleration of thelower leg is greater than 4 g but less than 8 g.3.1.3.4 high impactimpact during which the peak groundreaction force exceeds 3 body weights or the peak axialdecelerati
18、on of the lower leg exceeds 8 g.3.1.4 maximum energy appliedenergy applied to thespecimen up to the point of maximum compressive displace-ment.3.1.5 shoe uppervamp, tongue, heel counters, throat,collar, and other parts of the shoe that do not form part of thecushioning system.3.1.6 tupleading surfac
19、e of moving portion of test ma-chine in contact with specimen during the impact cycle.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test specimen is supported on a rigid foundation andrapidly loaded in compression by a falling mass. The compres-sive force is applied through the circular flat face of 45-mm(1.8-in.)
20、 diameter tup. Force and displacement transducers areemployed for continuous measurement of the complete loadingand unloading compression cycle. Alternatively, specimendisplacement history may be calculated from the force history.4.2 The maximum energy applied to the test specimen mustbe within 610
21、% of a standard reference value. The referencevalue is typically 5 J (44.2 in.-lbf) or 7 J (61.9 in.-lbf) but maybe varied depending of the type of shoe and whether the heelor forefoot is being tested. Other reference energy values maybe used, if they are stated in the report.4.3 This test method us
22、es the gravity-driven impact of adefined mass as the method for force application. The impactvelocity is determined by the drop height. The maximum forceand maximum displacement are determined by the cushioningcharacteristics of the shoe. The maximum energy applied isdetermined by both the drop heig
23、ht and the cushioningcharacteristics of the shoe.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used by athletic footwear manufac-turers and others, both as a tool for development of athleticshoe cushioning systems and as a test of the general cushioningcharacteristics of athletic footwear products.
24、 Adherence to therequirements and recommendations of this test method willprovide results that can be compared between different labo-ratories.5.2 Data obtained by these procedures are indicative of theshock-attenuating properties of athletic shoe cushioning sys-tems under the specific conditions se
25、lected.5.3 This test method is designed to provide data on the forceversus displacement response of athletic footwear cushioningsystems under essentially uniaxial compression conditions atload rates that are similar to those of heel and forefoot impactsduring different athletic activities.5.4 The pe
26、ak or maximum values of force, pressure, dis-placement, and strain are dependent on the maximum energyapplied to the specimen. These values are normalized toprovide comparative results for a reference maximum energyapplied to the specimen of 5 J (44.2 in.-lbf) or 7 J (61.9 in.-lbf).5.5 Shock-attenua
27、ting characteristics are strongly dependenton specimen size and prior history of force application.Therefore, results should be compared only for specimens ofthe same nominal shoe size and prior impact conditioning.There are no currently acceptable techniques for normalizingresults for specimen thic
28、kness variations.NOTE 2Impact-attenuating scores determined by this test method, forathletic shoes, may not correlate with the forces experienced by individualusers of the shoes.NOTE 3There is no research showing a correlation between scores onthis test method and the probability of injury among use
29、rs of a particularathletic footwear product.6. Test Apparatus6.1 Test apparatus shall conform to Test Method F 1614,Procedure A.7. Test Specimen7.1 Preparation of Test SpecimensThe cushioning testspecimen shall be isolated from the shoe by cutting away theupper. The lower portion of the upper (that
30、which extends 10 65 mm (0.4 6 0.2 in.) above the top surface of the cushioningsystem) shall not be removed, providing it does not interferewith the falling mass.NOTE 4The retention of a rim of upper materials around the edge ofthe test specimen prevents disturbance of the cushioning materials during
31、removal of the upper, preserves the attachments between the sole and theupper (which can influence shock attenuation), and serves as a retainer forany loosely attached components of the cushioning system that normallyreside inside the shoe (an insock for example).7.2 GeometryIn order for this test m
32、ethod to be appli-cable, the region of the cushioning system to be tested shallhave an approximately flat surface, approximately circular inshape, with a minimum diameter of 65 6 2 mm (2.6 6 0.1 in.).The center of this presenting surface shall coincide with thecenter of the tup of the test apparatus
33、, such that on initialcontact between the tup and the test specimen there is aminimum of 5 6 1-mm (0.2 6 0.05-in.) clearance between theedge of the tup and the edge of the test specimen, in alldirections.NOTE 5The geometry of the test specimen will vary with the designof the shoe under test. Since t
34、he geometry of the shoe is a factor whichinfluences shock attenuation, the influence of which may be tested withthis test method, no standard specimen geometry is defined. The validityfor comparisons of results from tests of specimens of different geometries,thicknesses, and sizes has not been deter
35、mined.7.3 Alignment of Test SpecimensThe standard methods ofaligning test specimens with the test apparatus are as follows:7.3.1 HeelFor tests of shock attenuation in the heel of ashoe, test specimens shall be aligned with the test apparatus asshown in Fig. 1 such that the center of the tup coincide
36、s witha point on the top surface of the shoe that is 12 %6 2mm(12 % 6 0.08 in.) of the internal length of top surface of thetest specimen from the heel end and equidistant from themedial and lateral edges of the test specimen.7.3.2 ForefootFor tests of shock attenuation in the fore-foot of a shoe, t
37、est specimens shall be aligned with the testapparatus as shown in Fig. 1 such that the center of the tupcoincides with a point on the top surface of the shoe that is75 % 6 2 mm (75 % 6 0.08 in.) of the internal length of topF1976062surface of the test specimen from the heel end and equidistantfrom t
38、he medial and lateral edges of the test specimen.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition test specimens in accordance with TestMethod F 1614.8.1.1 Test specimens in accordance with Test MethodF 1614, Procedure A, with the following adjustments:8.1.1.1 Align the test specimen with the test apparatus inaccordanc
39、e with 7.2 of this test method.8.1.1.2 The maximum energy applied to the test specimenmust be within 610 % of a reference value. The referencevalue shall be 5 J (44.2 in.-lbf) for shoes which are subject tomoderate impacts during normal use and 7 J (61.9 in.-lbf) forshoes which are subject to high i
40、mpacts during normal use.Reference energy values other than 5 J (44.2 in.-lbf) or 7 J(61.9 in.-lbf) may be used, if they are stated in the report.NOTE 6The goal of the impact test is to simulate the energy inputs,forces, and load rates applied to the shoe cushioning system during normaluse. For gene
41、ral purposes, a reference energy of 5 J (44.2 in.-lbf) has beenfound appropriate for sports shoes. However, the reference energy may bevaried depending of the type of shoe and whether the heel or forefoot isbeing tested. A reference energy of 5 J (44.2 in.-lbf) is recommended fortesting shoe cushion
42、ing systems which are subjected to moderate impact(see 3.1.3.3) during normal use. These include running shoes (heel) andmultipurpose fitness shoes (heel and forefoot). For shoe cushioningsystems which are subjected to high impact (see 3.1.3.4) during normaluse, a reference energy of 7 J (61.9 in.-l
43、bf) is recommended. These includebasketball, tennis, and volleyball shoes. This test method is not recom-mended for shoes that are not subject to moderate or high impact duringnormal use. These include shoes intended for exercise walking and foraerobics.9. Calculation9.1 In addition to the calculati
44、ons specified in Test MethodF 1614, the following may be calculated:9.1.1 Normalizationg-max scores shall be normalized tothe reference energy in accordance with Section 10.2 of TestMethod F 1614. Specifically:g2max normalized!5g2max measured! * Reference Energy/Maximum Energy Applied!1/2(1)9.1.2 Pe
45、ak G Score, defined as the peak acceleration of thetup of the falling mass apparatus during an impact, expressedin gravitational units.Peak G score 5 A/g (2)where:A = peak deceleration, andg = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m s2(33.2 ft s2).When a force transducer is used, peak deceleration mayc
46、alculated as follows:A 5 F/M (3)where:A = peak deceleration,F = peak force recorded with the force transducer, andM = mass of the impactor.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Complete identification of the shoe tested, includingtype, shoe size or dimensions, source, manufacturers
47、codenumber, form, and previous history.10.1.2 Specimen size and thickness.10.1.3 Sources and types of test equipment.10.1.4 Reference maximum energy applied.10.1.5 For the series of five impact cycles, average valueand standard deviation for each of the following properties:10.1.5.1 Peak force, maxi
48、mum displacement, time, maxi-mum energy applied, and hysteresis energy ratio in accordancewith Test Method F 1614.10.1.5.2 Peak G score in accordance with 10.1.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method for mea-suring peak force and hysteresis energy ratio are essentially
49、asspecified in Test Method F 1614. Peak G score is directlyderived as the product of the peak force measurement and aconstant. Therefore, Peak G score has precision that is propor-tionate to that of the peak force measurement.11.2 BiasA statement on bias cannot be made because noreference samples are available.12. Keywords12.1 athletic shoes; cushioning; impact; shock attenuation;sports shoesFIG. 1 Plan View of Shoe Sole Sample Showing Alignment of theTup for (A) Heel and (B) Forefoot TestsF1976063ASTM International takes no position respecting the va
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