ASTM F1978-2018 Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray Coatings by Using the Taber Abraser《用Taber Abraser测量金属热喷涂层耐磨性的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: F1978 17F1978 18Standard Test Method forMeasuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal SprayCoatings by Using the Taber Abraser1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1978; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th

2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of metallic coatings produced by

3、thermal spray processes on flat metallicsurfaces. It is intended as a means of characterizing coatings used on surgical implants.1.2 This test uses the TaberAbraser,2 which generates a combination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coating surface.Wear is quantified as cumulative weight los

4、s.1.3 This test method is limited to flat, rigid specimens that do not react significantly with water and do not undergo a phasetransformation or chemical reaction between room temperature and 100C in air.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement

5、 are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregula

6、tory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organiz

7、ation Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodG195 Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform Abraser3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Spe

8、cific to This Standard:3.1.1 abraser, ninstrument that is designed to determine the resistance of surfaces to composite rolling and rubbing action.3.1.2 particle shedding, nloss of surface particles and fragments from a coating.3.1.3 thermal spray coating, ncoating produced by spraying melted or sof

9、tened powder or wire by means of combustiblegases, plasma, or two-wire arc.3.1.4 weight loss, namount of mass removed by the test apparatus over the course of testing.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a TaberAbraser with H-22 Calibrade (trademarked) wheels2 and the 250-g mass of the

10、 abrading headwithout added weights. A specimen is abraded using rotary rubbing action under controlled conditions of pressure and abrasiveaction. The test specimen, mounted on a turntable platform, turns on a vertical axis against the sliding rotation of two abrading1 This test method is under the

11、jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F04 on Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF04.15 on Material Test Methods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017Feb. 1, 2018. Published October 2017March 2018. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition ap

12、proved in 20122017 asF1978 12.F1978 17. DOI: 10.1520/F1978-17.10.1520/F1978-18.2 Trademarked. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Taber Industries, North Tonawanda, NY 14120 USA. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information t

13、o ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technicalcommittee,1 which you may attend.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvo

14、lume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to ade

15、quately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM

16、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1wheels. One abrading wheel rubs the specimen outward toward the periphery and the other inward toward the center. The resultingabrasion marks form a pattern of crossed arcs over an area of approximate

17、ly 30 cm2. Specimens are abraded and cleanedultrasonically for a set number (2, 5, 10, or 100) of cumulative rotational cycles. The specimens are weighed after each cleaning,and the weight loss is the measure of abrasive wear to the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a mea

18、ns to evaluate the resistance to particle shedding of a thermal spray coating. Such particleshedding might occur during surgical insertion of an implant or as the result of micromotion of the implant after insertion.5.2 This abrasion test method may be useful for quality control analysis of a coatin

19、g, and it can be used to evaluate the effectsof processing variables, such as substrate preparation before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, or postcoatingtreatments, any of which may influence the susceptibility of the coating to particle shedding.5.3 This abrasion test method

20、is for flat plate-shaped specimens of a size sufficient that the wheels of the abrader do not leavethe surface of the specimen. It is not recommended, however, for devices with other shapes or sizes.6. Apparatus6.1 Taber Abraser, or equivalent as described in Guide G195, with abrading head of 250-g

21、mass and no added weights.6.2 H-22 Taber Calibrade Wheels, or equivalent.6.3 Taber Vacuum Unit, made by Shop-Vac (trademarked),2 7.4 amps, or equivalent.6.4 Taber Wheel Refacer,2 or equivalent.6.5 Ultrasonic Cleaning Unit, for cleaning specimens after abrading.6.6 Drying Oven, capable of operation a

22、t 100 6 2C, for drying specimens.6.7 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing specimens to an accuracy of 0.0001 g.7. Test Specimen7.1 Abrasion test specimens shall be approximately 10-cm squares or 10-cm diameter circles of at least 1.6 mm but not greaterthan 6.5 mm thickness, with a 6.5 mm diameter

23、 hole through the center to allow the specimen to be secured to the specimen holderof the Taber Abraser. For substrates other than titanium, consideration shall be given to the weight of the test specimen relativeto the capacity of the analytical balance.NOTE 1For specimens thicker than 6.5 mm but l

24、ess than 12.7 mm, an extension nut such as type S-212 or equivalent may be used in place of theclamp nut. When using the S-21 extension nut, the clamp plate is not used and the specimen center hole shall be 9.6 mm.7.2 The coating shall be applied in a manner representative of that used on the finish

25、ed surgical implant.7.3 Prepare a minimum of seven specimens. If there is more than one coating to evaluate, a minimum of six samples for eachcoating shall be prepared and at least one set shall contain seven samples.7.4 Of the seven sample set, one sample shall be selected to determine the time req

26、uired for ultrasonic cleaning.7.5 One specimen, randomly selected from each group of six specimens, shall be reserved to measure weight loss caused byultrasonic cleaning. This specimen shall be called the “blank” specimen and shall be weighed, cleaned, and reweighed for an equalnumber of times to th

27、e cleaning and weighing of the abraded specimen.8. Procedure8.1 General Information:8.1.1 If there is more than one set of specimens to test, the specimens shall be tested in a random sequence.8.1.2 A single complete specimen run shall consist of a series of partial runs, commencing with an initial

28、two-cycle partial runand continuing until 100 cycles have been completed. Once a specimen run is initiated, no other specimens shall be tested usingthe same wheel until the specimen run is finished.8.1.3 At the start of each new complete specimen run, the display indicating the number of cycles run

29、shall be reset. The TaberAbraser counts cumulative cycles (cycles completed) and so the number of cycles set for each partial run shall be the cumulativenumber of cycles (2, 5, 10, or 100) designated as the end of that partial run.8.2 Ultrasonic CleaningBefore running the battery of tests, the time

30、required for ultrasonic cleaning shall be determined.8.2.1 Using the analytical balance, weigh the seventh sample as described in 7.4 no fewer than three times and record theaverage weight of these measurements.8.2.2 Prepare the Taber Abraser following steps 8.4.2 to 8.4.9.8.2.3 Set the Taber Abrase

31、r for ten cumulative cycles and start the turntable.8.2.4 Clean the sample for ten minutes with a fresh saline solution (see 8.4.1), with the ultrasonic cleaner to be used for thecoating analysis.F1978 182NOTE 2To ensure wear debris is effectively removed, the specimen side subjected to abrasion sho

32、uld be facing downward during ultrasonic cleaning.8.2.5 Place the cleaned sample in a 100C oven and dry for a minimum of 10 min.8.2.6 Allow the sample to cool to room temperature before weighing.8.2.7 Using the analytical balance, weigh the sample no fewer than three times and record the average wei

33、ght of thesemeasurements.8.2.8 Repeat 8.2.4 to 8.2.7 until the same mass (within balance error)0.0001 g) is recorded for two consecutive cleanings.8.2.9 Record the total number of cleanings performed in 8.2.4 to 8.2.8.8.2.10 Determine the required cleaning time necessary to obtain a stable mass, as

34、(10 (x 1) min, where x is the total numberof cleanings determined in 8.2.9.NOTE 3Handle specimens by the edges to prevent unintentional particle shedding.8.3 Reference StandardsEach group of six specimens shall include one unabraded “blank” specimen, as specified in 7.5. Oncein every six tests, an u

35、nabraded specimen shall be used as a control to determine the weight loss caused by the ultrasonic cleaning.This specimen shall be weighed, cleaned for the time calculated in 8.2.10, and reweighed for as many times as would normallybe done if abrasion testing were being performed. These values shall

36、 be logged as “blank” weight loss values.8.4 Operation:8.4.1 Prepare a fresh cleaning solution for the ultrasonic cleaner by adding 0.1 6 0.005 g of reagent grade NaCl to each litreof deionized water8.4.2 Resurface the abrading wheels using the Taber Wheel Refacer Model 250 for each new specimen. Ch

37、eck the diameter ofthe wheel. It is essential that the diameter of the abrading wheels not fall below the marked minimum level (44.4 mm) over thecourse of the test. Should the wheel diameter fall below the labeled mark, the test run shall be discarded and a new specimen shallbe run in its place with

38、 a new pair of abrading wheels.8.4.3 Mount the H-22 Calibrade wheels by placing the wheel marked “LeftWheel” on the left hand abrading head and the wheelmarked “Right Wheel” on the right hand abrading head, with the labels facing toward each other.8.4.4 Abrasion shall be done with only the 250-g mas

39、s of the abrading head assembly. No extra weights shall be added to theabrading head.8.4.5 Clean the specimen for the time determined in 8.2.10 using an ultrasonic cleaner with saline solution as defined in 8.4.1.This solution shall be changed to a fresh solution before the first cleaning done that

40、day. See Note 2.8.4.5.1 Place the cleaned specimen in a 100C oven for 10 min to dry.8.4.5.2 Allow the specimen to cool to room temperature before weighing.8.4.5.3 Using the analytical balance, weigh the specimen no fewer than three times, and record the average of these weightmeasurements on a data

41、sheet.8.4.6 Place the specimen on the Taber Abraser turntable, coating side up such that the screw projects through the hole in thecenter of the specimen. Place the clamp plate over the specimen, and secure the specimen and clamp plate to the turntable usingthe clamp nut.8.4.7 Lower the vacuum pick-

42、up nozzle.The gap between the specimen and vacuum pick-up nozzle should be adjusted to 3 mm.8.4.8 Lower the abrading heads gently so that the abrading wheels rest on the surface of the specimen.8.4.9 Set the TaberAbraser to reach the appropriate number of cumulative cycles (2, 5, 10, or 100). Set th

43、e vacuum suction levelby depressing the “vacuum suction level” key and entering 100. Start the Taber vacuum prior to beginning the test by depressingthe “vacuum only” key. Let the vacuum run for no less than 5 s to allow the vacuum to reach full power, then start the turntablerotation by pressing th

44、e “start” key. When the turntable rotation for the specific partial run is completed, turn off the abraser andvacuum by pressing the “stop” key.NOTE 4The initial partial run shall be 2 cycles. The second partial run shall be 3 cycles (5 cumulative cycles). The third partial run shall be 5 cycles(10

45、cumulative cycles). And the fourth partial run shall be 90 cycles (100 cumulative cycles).8.4.10 Clean, dry, cool, and weigh the specimen as before (see 8.4.5).8.4.11 Repeat 8.4.6 to 8.4.10 for 5, 10, and 100 cumulative cycles.8.4.12 Repeat the steps specified in 8.4.2 to 8.4.11 for all specimens no

46、t reserved as blanks for the test.8.4.13 Run each blank through the steps specified in 8.4.5 to 8.4.11 skipping the steps specified in 8.4.6 to 8.4.9.9. Calculation9.1 Calculate the cumulative weight loss for each specimen for the number of revolutions used with the following equation:wn 5,wo.2,wn.

47、(1)where:n = number of cumulative cycles to which specimen has been exposed (2, 5, 10, 100),wn = cumulative weight loss for n cycles,= average of three weight measurements at the start of the test, and= average of three weight measurements after n cumulative cycles.F1978 18310. Report10.1 The report

48、 shall include the following information:10.1.1 Identification of the test coupon materials, including traceability information such as coating process lot and raw materiallot numbers.10.1.2 Dimensional data including coupon dimensions and coating thickness dimensions.10.1.3 The number of specimens

49、tested.10.1.4 Nominal laboratory temperature and humidity during the test.10.1.5 The number of minutes needed for ultrasonic cleaning, as determined in 8.2.10.10.1.6 All cumulative mass losses following abrasion and/or ultrasonic cleaning associated with each specimen or blank.10.1.7 The mean cumulative mass loss and its standard deviation for 2, 5, 10, and 100 cycles.10.1.8 Observations made during the course of the study including, but not limited to, observation of wear tracks and when theyoccur, the appearance of discoloration of the specimen, the remo