1、Designation: F1993 16Standard Classification System ofHuman Land Search and Rescue Resources1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1993; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This classification is intended to identify the commonfunctional units and single resources, used in search and rescueoperations; to aid
3、search and rescue (SAR) managers andAuthorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) in assembling or or-dering resources for search, rescue, or search and rescueincidents, and to aid in identifying the tasks for which crewshave been trained.1.2 This classification is intended as a supplement to theresource t
4、yping specifications of the Incident Command Sys-tem and specifically as a means of typing human resourcesused in land search and rescue activities.1.3 This classification is suitable for classifying search andrescue crews for land search and rescue incidents.1.4 This classification does not attempt
5、 to classify individu-als or put forth standards of performance or training forindividuals, nor is it meant to convey certification, skillproficiency, or other measures of the level of performance ofthe resource. These qualifications are the responsibility of thelocal agencies responsible for utiliz
6、ing the resource.1.5 This guide identifies human based resources. Caninecrew (or team) classifications are defined in Guide F1848.1.6 This guide does not classify air resources (Guides F2958and F3026) or water resources (Guides F1739, F1783, andF1824).2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1633
7、 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1739 Guide for Performance of a Water RescuerLevel IF1783 Guide for Performance of an Ice RescuerLevel IIF1824 Guide for Performance of a Water RescuerLevel IIF1848 Classification System for Canine Search ResourcesF2209 Guide for Training of Land Search Team Memb
8、erF2685 Guide for Training of a Land Search Team Leader(STL)F2751 Guide for Training of a Land Search and RescueTeam MemberF2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1)Rescuer EndorsementF2794 Guide for Level 1 (Basic) Mounted Search andRescue (MSAR) ResponderF2852 Practice for Training a La
9、nd Search TrackerF2954 Guide for Training for Level II Rope Rescue (R2)Rescuer EndorsementF2955 Guide for Training for Level III Rope Rescue (R3)Rescuer EndorsementF2958 Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue(SAR) TechnicianF3024 Guide for Training of a Land Search and Rescue(SAR) Strike Team
10、/Task Force LeaderF3026 Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue(SAR) Crew ChiefF3027 Guide for Training of Personnel Operating in Moun-tainous Terrain (Mountain Endorsement)F3028 Guide for Training of Search and Rescue PersonnelOperating in the Alpine Environment (Alpine Endorse-ment)F3098 Gui
11、de for Training of Non-Wilderness Land SearchTeam MemberF3175 Guide for Training and Equipping Search and RescuePersonnel Operating on Mountain Bikes (Mountain BikeSAR Endorsement)F3193 Guide for Training of a Land Search and RescueTeam LeaderF3194 Guide for Training for Personnel Operating SmallLan
12、d Off Road Vehicles (ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsement)2.2 ANSI Standard:3ANSI/SVIA 1-2010 Four Wheel All-Terrain Vehicles -Equipment, Configuration, and Performance Require-ments1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F
13、32.02 on Management andOperations.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F1993 - 99 (2005)which was withdrawn January 2014 and reinstated in July 2016. DOI: 10.1520/F1993-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, v
14、isit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New Yo
15、rk, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ATV-ROHV, na motorized off-highway vehicle de-signed to travel on four low-pressure tires, having a seatdesigned to b
16、e straddled by the operator, and handlebars forsteering control. ATVs are subdivided into two types asdesignated by the manufacturer. ANSI/SVIA 1-20104. Significance and Use4.1 Classification of human land search and rescue re-sources is based upon the training of the personnel and theirability to p
17、erform specific tasks.4.2 Human search and rescue resources are classified bycategory, kind, and duration.5. Classification of Human Land Search and RescueResource Categories5.1 Category identifies the specific task for which a humanresource is trained:5.1.1 Land SearchCrews trained in land search t
18、ech-niques.5.1.2 Land RescueCrews trained in land rescue tech-niques.5.1.3 Land Search and RescueCrews trained in both landsearch and rescue techniques.5.1.4 UntrainedCrews untrained in either land search orrescue techniques.6. Classification of Human Land Search and RescueResource Kinds6.1 Kind fur
19、ther defines a human land search and rescueresources capabilities in regard to a particular category:6.2 Land Search6.2.1 Non-Wilderness:6.2.1.1 A crew (or team) that operates in the non-wildernessenvironment.6.2.1.2 The crew (or team) consists of two to eight indi-viduals operating as a single reso
20、urce trained and tasked forland search.6.2.1.3 All of the crew (or team) members meet the require-ments of Guides F3098, F2209, F2751, F2685, F3193,orF3024.6.2.1.4 The crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F2685, F3193,orF3024.6.2.2 Wilderness:6.2.2.1 A crew (or team) that operates i
21、n the wildernessenvironment.6.2.2.2 The crew (or team) consists of two to eight indi-viduals operating as a single resource trained and tasked forland search.6.2.2.3 All crew (or team) members meet the requirementsof Guides F2209, F2751, F2685, F3193,orF3024.6.2.2.4 The crew (or team) leader meets t
22、he requirements ofGuides F2685, F3193,orF3024.6.2.3 Mountainous:6.2.3.1 A crew (or team) that operates in mountainousterrain.6.2.3.2 The crew (or team) consists of two to eight indi-viduals operating as a single resource trained and tasked forland search.6.2.3.3 All crew (or team) members meet the r
23、equirementsof Guides F2209, F2751, F2685, F3193,orF3024.6.2.3.4 The crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F2685, F3193,orF3024 and has a Guide F3024(mountain) or F3028 (alpine) endorsement.6.2.3.5 Prior to crew (or team) assignment, the number ofpersonnel with Guide F3024 (mountain)
24、or F3028 (alpine)endorsements shall be considered with the understanding that acrew (or team) is exposed to increased risk when few memberspossess one or both of these endorsements.6.2.4 Alpine:6.2.4.1 A crew (or team) that operates in alpine terrain.6.2.4.2 The crew (or team) consists of two to eig
25、ht indi-viduals operating as a single resource trained and tasked forland search.6.2.4.3 All crew (or team) members meet the requirementsof Guides F2209, F2751, F2685, F3193,orF3024.6.2.4.4 The crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F2685, F3193,orF3024 and has a Guide F3028(alpine) e
26、ndorsement.6.2.4.5 Prior to crew (or team) assignment, the number ofpersonnel with Guide F3028 (alpine) endorsements shall beconsidered with the understanding that a crew (or team) isexposed to increased risk when few members possess thisendorsement.6.2.5 Tracking:6.2.5.1 A crew (or team) consists o
27、f one to three individualsoperating as a single resource trained and tasked in tracking.6.2.5.2 All personnel actively tracking on the team meet therequirements of Guide F2852.6.2.5.3 The crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F2685, F3193,orF3024.6.2.5.4 Prior to crew (or team) assig
28、nment in mountainousterrain or the alpine environment, the number of personnel withGuide F3024 (mountain) or F3028 (alpine) endorsements shallbe considered, with the understanding that a crew (or team) isexposed to increased risk when few members possess one orboth of these endorsements.6.2.6 Mounte
29、d:6.2.6.1 A crew (or team) that consists of one to threeindividuals operating as a single resource deployed on horse-back.6.2.6.2 All personnel assigned to a mounted crew (or team)meet the requirements of Guide F2794.6.2.6.3 The crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F2685, F3193,orF3
30、024, and Guide F2794.6.2.6.4 Prior to crew (or team) assignment in mountainousterrain or the alpine environment, the number of personnel withGuide F3024 (mountain) or F3028 (alpine) endorsements shallbe considered, with the understanding that a crew (or team) isexposed to increased risk when few mem
31、bers possess one orboth of these endorsements.6.2.7 Mountain Bike:F1993 1626.2.7.1 A crew (or team) that consists of one to threeindividuals operating as a single resource deployed on moun-tain bikes.6.2.7.2 All personnel assigned to a mountain bike crew (orteam) meet the requirements of Guide F3175
32、.6.2.7.3 The crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F2685, F3193,orF3024, and Guide F31756.2.7.4 Prior to crew (or team) assignment in mountainousterrain or the alpine environment, the number of personnel withGuide F3024 (mountain) or F3028 (alpine) endorsements shallbe considered, wi
33、th the understanding that a crew (or team) isexposed to increased risk when few members possess one orboth of these endorsements.6.2.8 ATV-ROHV:6.2.8.1 A crew (or team) that consists of one to threeindividuals operating as a single resource deployed on one tothree ATVs or ROHVs.6.2.8.2 All personnel
34、 assigned to a ATV-ROHV crew (orteam) meet the requirements of Guide F3194.6.2.8.3 The crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F2685, F3193,orF3024, and Guide F31946.2.8.4 Prior to crew (or team) assignment in mountainousterrain or the alpine environment, the number of personnel withGu
35、ide F3024 (mountain) or F3028 (alpine) endorsements shallbe considered, with the understanding that a crew (or team) isexposed to increased risk when few members possess one orboth of these endorsements.6.3 Land Rescue and Land Search and Rescue6.3.1 Wilderness and Non-Wilderness:6.3.1.1 A crew (or
36、team) that operates in the wildernessenvironment.6.3.1.2 The crew (or team) operates in non-technical terrain.6.3.1.3 The crew (or team) consists of two to eight indi-viduals operating as a single resource trained and tasked forland rescue or land search and rescue.6.3.1.4 All crew (or team) members
37、 meet the requirementsof Guides F2751, F3193,orF3024.6.3.1.5 The crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F3193 or F3024.6.3.2 Mountainous:6.3.2.1 A crew (or team) that operates in mountainousterrain.6.3.2.2 The crew (or team) consists of two to eight indi-viduals operating as a single
38、resource trained and tasked forland rescue or land search and rescue.6.3.2.3 All crew (or team) members meet the requirementsof Guides F2751, F3193,orF3024.6.3.2.4 The crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F3193 or F3024, and has a Guide F3024 (mountain) orF3028 (alpine) endorsement.
39、6.3.2.5 Prior to crew (or team) assignment, the number ofpersonnel with Guide F3024 (mountain) or F3028 (alpine)endorsements shall be considered, with the understanding thata crew (or team) is exposed to increased risk when fewmembers possess one or both of these endorsements.6.3.3 Alpine:6.3.3.1 A
40、crew (or team) that operates in alpine terrain.6.3.3.2 The crew (or team) consists of two to eight indi-viduals operating as a single resource trained and tasked forland rescue or land search and rescue.6.3.3.3 All crew (or team) members meet the requirementsof Guides F2751, F3193,orF3024.6.3.3.4 Th
41、e crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F3193 or F3024, and has a Guide F3028 (alpine)endorsement.6.3.3.5 Prior to crew (or team) assignment, the number ofpersonnel with a Guide F3028 (alpine) endorsement shall beconsidered, with the understanding that a crew (or team) isexposed to i
42、ncreased risk when few members possess thisendorsement.6.3.4 Mounted:6.3.4.1 A crew (or team) that consists of one to threeindividuals operating as a single resource deployed on horse-back for land rescue or land search and rescue.6.3.4.2 All crew (or team) members meet the requirementsof Guides F27
43、94 and F2751.6.3.4.3 The crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F3193 or F3024, and Guide F2794.6.3.4.4 Prior to crew (or team) assignment in mountainousterrain or the alpine environment, the number of personnel withGuide F3024 (mountain) or F3028 (alpine) endorsements shallbe conside
44、red, with the understanding that a crew (or team) isexposed to increased risk when few members possess one orboth of these endorsements.6.3.5 ATV-ROHV:6.3.5.1 A crew (or team) that consists of one to threeindividuals operating as a single resource deployed on one tothree ATVs or ROHVs.6.3.5.2 All cr
45、ew (or team) members meet the requirementsof Guides F3194 and F2751.6.3.5.3 The crew (or team) leader meets the requirements ofGuides F3193 or F3024, and Guide F3194.6.3.5.4 Prior to crew (or team) assignment in mountainousterrain or the alpine environment, the number of personnel withGuide F3024 (m
46、ountain) or F3028 (alpine) endorsements shallbe considered, with the understanding that a crew (or team) isexposed to increased risk when few members possess one orboth of these endorsements.6.3.6 Rope Rescue Crew (or Team):6.3.6.1 A crew (or team) that operates in technical terrain.6.3.6.2 The crew
47、 (or team) consists of one to eight individu-als operating as a single resource on a rope team (e.g., haulteam, belay team, litter team, etc.).6.3.6.3 All crew (or team) members meet the requirementsof Guide F2751 and have a Guide F2752, F2954,orF2955endorsement.6.3.6.4 The crew (or team) leader mee
48、ts the requirements ofGuide F3193 or F3024, and has a Guide F2954 or F2955endorsement.6.3.6.5 The complexity of the task or mission and thenumber and type of rope rescuer endorsements (Guides F2752,F2954, and F2955) shall be considered when selecting crewleaders and members.6.3.6.6 Prior to crew (or
49、 team) assignment in mountainousterrain or the alpine environment, the number of personnel withF1993 163Guide F3024 (mountain) or F3028 (alpine) endorsements shallbe considered, with the understanding that a crew (or team) isexposed to increased risk when few members possess one orboth of these endorsements.6.3.7 Rope Rescue Strike Team, Task Force, or Group:6.3.7.1 A strike team, task force, or group that operates intechnical terrain.6.3.7.2 The strike team, task force, or group consists of twoto seven crews (or teams) operating to complete a common task(e.g., a rescue).6
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