ASTM F2000-2010 Standard Guide for Fences for Baseball and Softball Fields《棒球和垒球运动场围栏的标准指南》.pdf

1、Designation: F2000 10Standard Guide forFences for Baseball and Softball Fields1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2000; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent

2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides recommended minimum require-ments for various types of fences used in softball and baseballballfields and other sports facilities,

3、and practices for installa-tion.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The SI values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the us

4、er of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A392 Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Chain-LinkFence FabricA491 Specification for Aluminum-Coated Steel Chain-L

5、inkFence FabricA700 Practices for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Meth-ods for Steel Products for ShipmentF552 Terminology Relating to Chain Link FencingF567 Practice for Installation of Chain-Link FenceF626 Specification for Fence FittingsF668 Specification for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and OtherOrg

6、anic Polymer-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence FabricF1043 Specification for Strength and Protective Coatingson Steel Industrial Chain Link Fence FrameworkF1083 Specification for Pipe, Steel, Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded, for Fence StructuresF1183 Specification for Aluminum Alloy Chain Lin

7、k FenceFabricF1345 Specification for Zinc-5 % Aluminum-MischmetalAlloy-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence FabricF1664 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) andOther Conforming Organic Polymer-Coated Steel TensionWire Used with Chain-Link Fence2.2 CPSC Document:CPSC Staff Recommendations2.3 ASA and

8、 Other Ball Sports Associations:Staff Recommendations2.4 BOCA Document:BOCA National Building Code/1993 12th Edition2.5 NFPA Documents:3Staff RecommendationsNFPA 70 National Electric Code (NEC)2.6 ANSI/IEEE Document:4ANSI/IEEE C2 National Electric Safety Code3. Terminology3.1 See Terminology F552 fo

9、r definitions of terms relatingto chain-link fencing.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fence, na type of barrier that surrounds and detersballs, bats, and passage to or from the playing area.3.2.2 field, nthe outdoor area that has been either desig-nated, designed, constructed

10、, or otherwise used for softball orbaseball, or both.3.2.3 grade, nthe finished elevation at any specified pointof the ground or pavement outside or inside the playing area.3.2.4 outdoor, adjsite located outside of a completelyenclosed building or other structure.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide is

11、 based in part upon recommendations of thetask groups concerned with baseball and softball of ASTMCommittee F08.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F14 on Fences and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee F14.10 on Specific Applications.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010.

12、 Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F2000 - 06. DOI:10.1520/F2000-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informati

13、on, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, h

14、ttp:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 This guide is directed to outfield fences, side and foulline fences, backstops, on-grade players benches and belowgrade players dugouts.5. Significance and Use5.1

15、This guide sets forth minimum standard requirementsfor use in local codes and ordinances relating to baseball andsoftball fencing.5.2 This guide does not have the effect of law, nor is itintended to supersede local codes and ordinances of a morerestrictive nature.5.3 Studies, as listed in Annex A1,

16、have been referenced asthe basis for certain recommendations in this guide and willassist those who intend to provide protection against injuries orfatalities associated with anticipated thrown or batted balls andbats as well as passage to or from a baseball or softball field.This would include, but

17、 not be limited to, state and localgovernments, model code organizations, building code groups,and consumers. It is understood that the format will varydepending upon the specific use and local conditions.5.4 Articles and studies have noted that fencing for baseballand softball sports, or both, shou

18、ld exist for baseball andsoftball sports outfields, backstops, sidelines, players on-gradebenches, below-grade dugouts, and spectator seating.6. Dimensions and Materials6.1 Permanent Outfield Fence:6.1.1 HeightThe top of the fence shall be a minimum of96 in. (2.4 m) above grade measured on the side

19、of the fencethat faces away from the ballfield (see 3.2.3 for the definitionof grade specific to this guide). The height is to be such thatplayers in the outfield can safely attempt to catch a fly ballwithout impaction on the kidneys, back, or head. However, incircumstances where it is necessary to

20、protect people or objectsoutside the fences, the height should be increased accordingly.Top rail padding systems may also be used. A mid rail is notneeded, in accordance with Specification F668.6.1.2 Ground ClearanceThe maximum vertical clearancebetween grade and the bottom of the fence shall be no

21、morethan a 1 in. (25.4 mm) reveal or space, measured on the side ofthe fence that faces the ballfield, to avoid entrapment of feet.6.1.3 PanelsSolid barriers and safety padding that doesnot have openings, such as plastic, plywood, or canvas, shallnot contain indentations or protrusions, except for n

22、ormalconstruction tolerances and joints. Such indentations shall notbe deeper than 0.375 in. (9.5 mm) and should be flush facingthe ballfield.6.1.4 Horizontal and Vertical MembersWhere the fence iscomposed of horizontal and vertical members, the structuralmembers shall be located on the side opposit

23、e of the playenvironment to prevent encountering the member. The spacingbetween the vertical or horizontal members shall not exceed134 in. (4.44 cm). If of a lattice design, the members shall bediagonal.6.1.5 Diagonal Members:6.1.5.1 Where the fence is composed of diagonal or otherangular positioned

24、 members, such as in a lattice fence, anyopening created by the diagonal members shall be a maximumof 134 in. (4.44 cm) measured in its largest direction, to preventtoe holds. Such members should be on the side away from theballfield.6.1.5.2 Diagonal bracing members extending from one cor-ner to the

25、 opposite corner, creating a ladder effect on all stylesof fences and gates, are not permitted where spacing of verticalor horizontal members in any area between posts exceeds 134in. (4.44 cm), in order to prevent climbing into the ballfield.6.1.6 Fabric or MeshMesh opening for chain-link andother f

26、ence fabrics shall be a minimum of 2-in. (5-mm) mesh,9 gauge.All chain-link fabric shall have a knuckle and knuckleselvage and shall be selected from chain-link fabric in accor-dance with Specifications A392, A491, F668,orF1345. Othermaterials shall have blunt edges.6.2 Portable Outfield Fence:6.2.1

27、 Portable outfield, and often sideline, fencing is gener-ally used when it is necessary to reconfigure the playing fieldboundary for games in which the classification will change orwhen the field is to have multiple uses. The potential for injurycaused by an outfielder colliding with a fence that do

28、es notmeet resiliency, break away, or fall-down requirements issignificant. The added criteria that must be considered is thestability of the cross or horizontal pieces, supports, the panelfabric opening, the vertical pieces and their give away, and theheight. Portable fence systems made of speciall

29、y formulatedpolymers in approximate 10-ft (3.05-m) lengths with break-apart connections and stable support should allow panels torelease and fall down in sections when impacted. The collaps-ibility feature should prevent cartwheeling over the fence andallow the outfielder to be lowered to the ground

30、 in a fall. Thedowned panel should quickly and easily return to its originalposition and be snapped into place.6.3 Wood Outfield Fence:6.3.1 HeightThe top of the fence shall conform to heightfor other fence types.6.3.2 Ground Clearance The clearances shall conform toprior appropriate sections to eli

31、minate foot entrapment.6.3.3 PanelsThe panels should conform to prior appro-priate sections with the flush side inside the playing area andshall be covered with a wall padding.6.4 Foul Line Fencing:6.4.1 HeightThe top of the fence shall be a minimum of96 in. to 8 ft (2.44 m) above grade measured at

32、the side of thefence from the ballfield where any sideline obstructions exist orwhere objects such as other activity areas, parking lots, and soforth have to be protected.6.4.2 Ground Clearance The clearance shall conform toprior appropriate sections to eliminate foot entrapment.6.4.3 PanelsThe pane

33、ls should conform to prior appro-priate sections.6.4.4 Horizontal and Vertical MembersThe horizontaland vertical members shall conform to prior appropriatesections.6.4.5 Diagonal MembersThe diagonal members shallconform to prior appropriate sections.6.4.6 Fabric or Mesh The fabric or mesh shall conf

34、orm toprior appropriate sections.6.5 Spectator Protective Fencing:F2000 1026.5.1 HeightThe top of the fence shall be a minimum of8 ft, 0 in. (2.44 m) above grade or of a greater dimension thatensures protection of spectators from a fouled line drive orrelated trajectory.6.5.2 Ground ClearanceThe cle

35、arance shall conform toprior appropriate sections to eliminate foot entrapment.6.5.3 PanelsThe panels shall conform to prior appropriatesections.6.5.4 Horizontal and Vertical MembersThe horizontaland vertical members shall conform to prior appropriatesections.6.5.5 Diagonal MembersThe diagonal membe

36、rs shallconform to prior appropriate sections.6.5.6 Fabric or MeshThe fabric or mesh shall conform toprior appropriate sections.6.6 Player Bench Protective Fencing:6.6.1 HeightThe top of the fence shall be a minimum of96 in. (8 ft) (2.44 m) above grade measured at the side of theplay side of the fen

37、ce. For the below-grade dugouts theprotective fencing should cover the entire opening from groundlevel to top of dugout roof or overhang.6.6.2 Ground ClearanceThe space from the fence bottomand ground shall conform to prior appropriate sections toeliminate foot entrapment.6.6.3 PanelsThe panels shal

38、l conform to prior appropriatesections.6.6.4 Diagonal MembersThe diagonal members shallconform to prior appropriate sections.6.6.5 Fabric or MeshThe fabric or mesh shall conform toprior appropriate sections.6.7 Backstop Fencing:6.7.1 Backstops provide a containment of pitched, thrown,and batted ball

39、s. It should delineate the spectator area from theplayfield. It most often consists of three panels; one panelcentered behind home plate with the other two panels locatedat the end of the center panel at an angle of 45 to the centerpanel and parallel to the foul lines.6.7.2 Backstops should be of a

40、protective mesh of eitherchain-link or synthetic net materials of a 2 in. (5 mm) mesh toprevent climbing.6.7.3 The vertical backstop center panel for softball fieldsand youth baseball fields should be no less than 25 ft (7.62 m)behind home plate. The side panel should be no less than 25ftfrom the fo

41、ul line. The vertical backstop center panel for 90 ft(27.43 m) (bases) baseball field should be no less than 60 ft(18.28 m) behind home plate, and the distance from the ends ofthe backstop to the sidelines should be no less than 60ft(18.28m).6.7.4 The backstop height and width may vary dependingon t

42、he type of ball being played, the size and height of thespectator area around it, and other structures or objects thatshould be protected from foul balls, passed balls, wild pitches,and overthrows. The minimum height for backstops should be16 ft (4.88 m). The height should be determined by the exten

43、tof protection of the spectators while standing behind it at thehighest level of seating. The minimum width of the panels isdependent upon the structural design supporting the chain-linkor net fabric.6.7.5 The backstop overhang panels should be installed atthe top of the center and wings of a design

44、 that meets heightregulations of the game played.6.8 Access Gates:6.8.1 Double-leaf access gates shall comply with the re-quirements of prior appropriate sections and shall be equippedwith a padlock device.6.8.2 Single-leaf pedestrian access gates shall open outwardaway from the play environment, sh

45、all be self-closing, andshall have a self-latching device. The release mechanism shallbe located on the side opposite of the play environment or thegate. It shall be of a height to facilitate egress/access below thetop of the gate. The gate and fence shall have no openinggreater than12 in. (13 mm) w

46、ithin 18 in. (457 mm) of therelease mechanism when the gate is in the fully closed position.7. Location7.1 Outfield FenceThe outfield fences are located by aradius measurement from home plate. The radius distance isdetermined by the level and type of ball play expected on thefield and in conformance

47、 with the efforts of ASTM CommitteeF08 for classification of field systems. There should be nophysical obstructions between the backstop and the outfieldfence, light poles, and foul ball markers, and other equipmentshould be located outside the playing field fence.7.2 Foul Line FenceThe foul line fe

48、nce is designed toprotect the fielder from obstructions and other sideline objects,to contain the ball and prevent spectators from intruding ontothe field. The fence shall be offset to the entire foul line froma point opposite the first and third bases toward the outfieldfence. The minimum distance

49、between the foul lines and thesideline fence at the outfield fence shall be 25 ft (7.62 m) forsoftball fields and 60 ft (18.28 m) baseball fields. The mini-mum distance between the foul line opposite the bases and thefence line shall be 25 ft. (7.62 m).7.3 Spectator Protective FenceThe spectator fence shallbe located where spectators will congregate to watch the gameor in front of bleachers of an 8 ft height or of a sufficient heightto protect spectators at the highest point of the bleachers.7.4 Player Bench Protective FenceThe protective fenc