1、Designation: F2036 05 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Larger Area Density and Background onElectrophotographic Printers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2036; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the procedure for measuringthe monochrome diffuse reflection
3、 print density and back-ground for large areas on printed pages from electrophoto-graphic printers. It describes the test target and calculations forevaluating the print density and background.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. I
4、t is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1856 Practice for Determining Toner Usage for PrinterCartridges2.2 ANSI Standa
5、rds:IT2.171995 (ISO 5-4) Density MeasurementsPart 4:Geometric Conditions for Reflection Density3IT2.171995 ANNEX A1 Density MeasurementsPart 4:Geometric Conditions for Reflection Density, BackingMaterial33. Summary of Test Method3.1 A standard test target is printed under specified condi-tions. Blac
6、k areas and background areas of the print aremeasured using a diffuse reflection densitometer. The valuesare recorded and the results interpreted.3.2 The diffuse reflection density is the logarithm of theinverse of the ratio of the reflected light to the incident light.4. Significance and Use4.1 Thi
7、s test method can be used for the evaluation of theelectrophotographic printer output image quality, aestheticappearance, visual impression of blackness and the ability todistinguish information from the background.4.2 This test method can be used for the evaluation of newand remanufactured toner ca
8、rtridges and their respective com-ponents used in an electrophotographic printing process.4.3 This test method can be used to evaluate printer outputimage density and background under specified environmentalconditions.4.4 This test method is suitable for research and develop-ment and quality accepta
9、nce evaluations.5. Interferences5.1 Relative humidity can impact test results. The testsshould be performed at a controlled temperature and humiditywithin the operating humidity range of the printer. This usuallyis between 20 and 80 % RH. All equipment and materialsshould be conditioned in the same
10、temperature and relativehumidity for at least 24 h prior to testing.5.2 Printer related items such as the power supply, densitycontrol settings, resolution enhancements, toner saver settings,economy mode settings, and laser optics may impact imagequality, print density and background.5.3 The printer
11、 should be in good mechanical and electricalcondition. Preferably, printers with a continuous history ofpreventative maintenance should be used.5.4 Component wear can cause the print density and back-ground to change during the life of the cartridge. Repeated testsmay be required to evaluate the ave
12、rage print quality.5.5 The printer variations and cartridge wear can causevariations in the print density on a single page.6. Apparatus6.1 Electrophotographic Test Printer, suitable for testingpurposes.6.2 Printer Data System, capable of generating the testtarget for density and background.Asample i
13、s shown in Fig. 1.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published September 2012. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last pr
14、evious edition approved in 2005 as F2036051. DOI:10.1520/F2036-05R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
15、website.3Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.2.1 The target will have five solid black squares, approxi-mately 25 mm squa
16、re (1 in. square), located in each corner andcenter of the printable area.6.2.2 The target will have four outlined nonimaged (blank)squares, approximately 25 mm square (1 in. square):6.2.2.1 Two are centered on the left and right sides equidis-tant between the printable area edge and center of the t
17、arget,and6.2.2.2 Two are centered at the top and bottom sidesequidistant between the printable area edge and center of thetarget.6.2.3 The printable area is 8 in. 10 in. (0.203 m 0.254 m)making it usable for both U.S. standard letter and A4 papersizes.6.3 Test Cartridge, designed for use in the test
18、 printer.6.4 Conditioned Paper, that meets the requirements of theprinter. This same paper type and manufacturer should be usedfor all comparative tests.6.5 Densitometer, meeting the requirements of ANSIIT2.171995 (ISO 5-4). The densitometer reads the diffusereflection density, which is the logarith
19、m of the inverse of theratio of the reflected light to the incident light.6.6 Black backing meeting the requirements of ANSIIT2.171995, Annex A1.7. Test Procedure7.1 Using conditioned paper print ten pages of a full pagetext target with approximately 5 % coverage. If available, usethe test target in
20、 Practice F1856.7.2 Immediately following 7.1 using conditioned paperprint one page of the density and background target asdescribed in 6.2.7.3 Calibrate the densitometer according to the manufactur-ers instructions.7.4 Measure the reflection density of a conditioned sheet ofpaper before printing us
21、ing a densitometer as specified in 6.5.Measure the reflection density at four different locations, atapproximately the same locations as the four “blank” squareson the density and background test target. Use the correct blackbacking as described in ANSI 2.171995, Annex A1.7.5 Measure the reflection
22、density of the five solid blacksquares using a densitometer as described in 6.5. Use the blackbacking as described in ANSI 2.171995, Annex A1. Take onemeasurement per square in the center of the square.7.6 Measure the reflection density of the four outlinednonimaged (blank) squares using a densitome
23、ter as describedin 6.5. Use the black backing as described inANSI 2.171995,Annex A1. Take one measurement per square in the center ofthe square.7.7 Record values measured in 7.4-7.6.8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the average solid area density from the fivevalues obtained in 7.5. Because the densitomet
24、er reads thelogarithm of the inverse of the ratio of the reflected light to theincident light, the values must be converted from the logarith-mic form before averaging and then converted back to thelogarithmic form after averaging. This can be done by takingthe inverse logarithm (base 10) of the den
25、sity reading (seeTable X1.1 in Appendix X1). This is equal to110(density reading),where the density reading is the exponent of 10. The values inthe form of percent reflection can then be averaged. Theaverage value can be returned to the logarithmic (density)format by calculating the logarithm (see A
26、ppendix X1.2),Density 5 log101/percent reflection)# (1)8.2 Determine the highest and lowest density of the fivesolid area density values in 7.5.8.3 Calculate the average nonimaged (blank) density fromthe four values obtained in 7.6. Because the densitometer readsthe logarithm of the inverse of the r
27、atio of the reflected light tothe incident light, the values must be converted from thelogarithm to percent reflectance before averaging. A conver-sion table is shown in the Appendix as Table X1.3.8.4 Calculate the average reflection density of a conditionedsheet of paper before printing from the fo
28、ur values obtained in7.4. Because the densitometer reads the logarithm of theinverse of the ratio of the reflected light to the incident light,the values must be converted from the logarithm to percentreflectance before averaging. A conversion table is shown inthe Appendix as Table X1.3.8.5 Determin
29、e the average background by calculating thedifference in the percent reflectance values obtained in 8.3 and8.4. Subtract the percent reflectance value calculated in 8.3from the percent reflectance value calculated in 8.4.FIG. 1 Sample Density and Background Test TargetF2036 05 (2011)29. Report9.1 Th
30、e report shall include the following information:9.1.1 Test conditions (temperature and humidity), cartridgeidentification, printer setup conditions, printer identification,test target data.9.1.2 The average reflection density as determined in 8.1.9.1.3 The print density range or variation as determ
31、ined in8.2.9.1.4 The average background as determined in 8.5.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Repeatability Tests will be performed using the samelaboratory, equipment, and operator.10.2 Reproducibility Tests will be performed using thesame print samples in different laboratories and differentoperators.10
32、.3 BiasThere is no reference material suitable for de-termining bias.11. Keywords11.1 background; cartridge; electrophotographic; laserprinter; nonimpact printer; reflection densityAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. TABLES FOR CONVERTING REFLECTION DENSITY TO OR FROM PERCENT REFLECTIONTABLE X1.1
33、Converting Reflection Density to Percent ReflectionReflectionDensityPercentReflectedReflectionDensityPercentReflected1.00 10.00 % 1.31 4.90 %1.01 9.77 % 1.32 4.79 %1.02 9.55 % 1.33 4.68 %1.03 9.33 % 1.34 4.57 %1.04 9.12 % 1.35 4.47 %1.05 8.91 % 1.36 4.37 %1.06 8.71 % 1.37 4.27 %1.07 8.51 % 1.38 4.17
34、 %1.08 8.32 % 1.39 4.07 %1.09 8.13 % 1.40 3.98 %1.10 7.94 % 1.41 3.89 %1.11 7.76 % 1.42 3.80 %1.12 7.59 % 1.43 3.72 %1.13 7.41 % 1.44 3.63 %1.14 7.24 % 1.45 3.55 %1.15 7.08 % 1.46 3.47 %1.16 6.92 % 1.47 3.39 %1.17 6.76 % 1.48 3.31 %1.18 6.61 % 1.49 3.24 %1.19 6.46 % 1.50 3.16 %1.20 6.31 % 1.51 3.09
35、%1.21 6.17 % 1.52 3.02 %1.22 6.03 % 1.53 2.95 %1.23 5.89 % 1.54 2.88 %1.24 5.75 % 1.55 2.82 %1.25 5.62 % 1.56 2.75 %1.26 5.50 % 1.57 2.69 %1.27 5.37 % 1.58 2.63 %1.28 5.25 % 1.59 2.57 %1.29 5.13 % 1.60 2.51 %1.30 5.01 % 1.61 2.45 %TABLE X1.2 Converting Percent Reflection to Reflection DensityPercent
36、ReflectedReflectionDensityPercentReflectedReflectionDensity10.00 % 1.00 6.10 % 1.219.90 % 1.00 6.00 % 1.229.80 % 1.01 5.90 % 1.239.70 % 1.01 5.80 % 1.249.60 % 1.02 5.70 % 1.249.50 % 1.02 5.60 % 1.259.40 % 1.03 5.50 % 1.269.30 % 1.03 5.40 % 1.279.20 % 1.04 5.30 % 1.289.10 % 1.04 5.20 % 1.289.00 % 1.0
37、5 5.10 % 1.298.90 % 1.05 5.00 % 1.308.80 % 1.06 4.90 % 1.318.70 % 1.06 4.80 % 1.328.60 % 1.07 4.70 % 1.338.50 % 1.07 4.60 % 1.348.40 % 1.08 4.50 % 1.358.30 % 1.08 4.40 % 1.368.20 % 1.09 4.30 % 1.378.10 % 1.09 4.20 % 1.388.00 % 1.10 4.10 % 1.397.90 % 1.10 4.00 % 1.407.80 % 1.11 3.90 % 1.417.70 % 1.11
38、 3.80 % 1.427.60 % 1.12 3.70 % 1.437.50 % 1.12 3.60 % 1.447.40 % 1.13 3.50 % 1.467.30 % 1.14 3.40 % 1.477.20 % 1.14 3.30 % 1.487.10 % 1.15 3.20 % 1.497.00 % 1.15 3.10 % 1.516.90 % 1.16 3.00 % 1.526.80 % 1.17 2.90 % 1.546.70 % 1.17 2.80 % 1.556.60 % 1.18 2.70 % 1.576.50 % 1.19 2.60 % 1.596.40 % 1.19
39、2.50 % 1.606.30 % 1.20 2.40 % 1.626.20 % 1.21 2.30 % 1.64F2036 05 (2011)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned inthis standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity o
40、f any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments a
41、re invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not re
42、ceived a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)
43、 of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIG
44、HT/).TABLE X1.3 Converting Reflection Density to Percent Reflectionfor Blank Paper and Non-Imaged AreasReflectionDensityPercentReflectionReflectionDensityPercentReflectionReflectionDensityPercentReflection0.080 83.2% 0.120 75.9% 0.160 69.2%0.081 83.0% 0.121 75.7% 0.161 69.0%0.082 82.8% 0.122 75.5% 0
45、.162 68.9%0.083 82.6% 0.123 75.3% 0.163 68.7%0.084 82.4% 0.124 75.2% 0.164 68.5%0.085 82.2% 0.125 75.0% 0.165 68.4%0.086 82.0% 0.126 74.8% 0.166 68.2%0.087 81.8% 0.127 74.6% 0.167 68.1%0.088 81.7% 0.128 74.5% 0.168 67.9%0.089 81.5% 0.129 74.3% 0.169 67.8%0.090 81.3% 0.130 74.1% 0.170 67.6%0.091 81.1
46、% 0.131 74.0% 0.171 67.5%0.092 80.9% 0.132 73.8% 0.172 67.3%0.093 80.7% 0.133 73.6% 0.173 67.1%0.094 80.5% 0.134 73.5% 0.174 67.0%0.095 80.4% 0.135 73.3% 0.175 66.8%0.096 80.2% 0.136 73.1% 0.176 66.7%0.097 80.0% 0.137 72.9% 0.177 66.5%0.098 79.8% 0.138 72.8% 0.178 66.4%0.099 79.6% 0.139 72.6% 0.179
47、66.2%0.100 79.4% 0.140 72.4% 0.180 66.1%0.101 79.3% 0.141 72.3% 0.181 65.9%0.102 79.1% 0.142 72.1% 0.182 65.8%0.103 78.9% 0.143 71.9% 0.183 65.6%0.104 78.7% 0.144 71.8% 0.184 65.5%0.105 78.5% 0.145 71.6% 0.185 65.3%0.106 78.3% 0.146 71.4% 0.186 65.2%0.107 78.2% 0.147 71.3% 0.187 65.0%0.108 78.0% 0.1
48、48 71.1% 0.188 64.9%0.109 77.8% 0.149 71.0% 0.189 64.7%0.110 77.6% 0.150 70.8% 0.190 64.6%0.111 77.4% 0.151 70.6% 0.191 64.4%0.112 77.3% 0.152 70.5% 0.192 64.3%0.113 77.1% 0.153 70.3% 0.193 64.1%0.114 76.9% 0.154 70.1% 0.194 64.0%0.115 76.7% 0.155 70.0% 0.195 63.8%0.116 76.6% 0.156 69.8% 0.196 63.7%0.117 76.4% 0.157 69.7% 0.197 63.5%0.118 76.2% 0.158 69.5% 0.198 63.4%0.119 76.0% 0.159 69.3% 0.199 63.2%F2036 05 (2011)4
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