ASTM F2084 F2084M-2001(2007)e2 Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments《受控环境中安全壳吊杆性能数据采集的标准指南》.pdf

1、Designation: F2084/F2084M 01 (Reapproved 2007)2Standard Guide forCollecting Containment Boom Performance Data inControlled Environments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2084/F2084M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the

2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEReferenced ASTM Standard D 4092 was editorially corrected to be Test Method D4052 in May 2007.

3、2NOTEUnits information was editorially corrected and “mercury thermometer” was editorially changed to “thermometer”in Table 1 in October 2010.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the effectiveness offull-scale oil spill containment booms in a controlled testfacility.1.2 This guide involve

4、s the use of specific test oils that maybe considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility ofthe user of this guide to procure and abide by the necessarypermits for disposal of the used test oil.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as sta

5、ndard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, as

6、sociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD4

7、45 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater by the Ring MethodD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liqui

8、dPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity ofLubricants Measured by Brookfield ViscometerD4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil bythe Centri

9、fuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterF631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inControlled EnvironmentsF818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response Barriers3. Terminology3.1 Boom Performance Data

10、 TerminologyTerms associ-ated with boom performance tests conducted in controlledenvironments:3.1.1 boom submergence (aka submarining)containmentfailure due to loss of freeboard.3.1.2 first-loss tow/current velocityminimum tow/currentvelocity normal to the membrane at which oil continuallyescapes pa

11、st a boom This applies to the boom in the catenaryposition.3.1.3 gross loss tow/current velocitythe minimum speedat which massive continual oil loss is observed escaping pastthe boom.3.1.4 harbor chopa condition of the water surface pro-duced by an irregular pattern of waves.1This guide is under the

12、 jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.11 on Control.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F2084 01. DOI:10.1520/

13、F2084_F2084M-01R07E02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr

14、 Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.5 preloadduring testing, the quantity of test fluiddistributed in front of and contained by the boom prior to theonset of a test.3.1.6 tow speedthe relative speed difference between aboom and the water in which the boom

15、is floating. In thisstandard guide relative current speed is equivalent.3.1.7 wave height(significant wave height) the averageheight, measured crest to trough, of the one-third highestwaves, considering only short-period waves (i.e., period lessthan 10 s).3.1.8 wave period(significant wave period) t

16、he averageperiod of the one-third highest waves, measured as the elapsedtime between crests of succeeding waves.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide defines a series of test methods to determinethe oil containment effectiveness of containment booms whenthey are subjected to a variety of towing and

17、wave conditions.The test methods measure the tow speed at which the boomfirst loses oil (both in calm water and in various waveconditions), the tow speed at which the boom reaches a grossoil loss condition (both in calm water and in various waveconditions), boom conformance to the surface wave condi

18、tionsfor various wave heights, wavelengths and frequencies, (quali-tatively), resulting tow forces when encountering variousspeeds and wave conditions, identifies towing ability at highspeeds in calm water and waves, boom sea-worthiness relativeto its hardware (i.e., connectors, ballast members), an

19、d generaldurability.4.2 Users of this guide are cautioned that the ratio of boomdraft to tank depth can affect test results, in particular the towloads (see Appendix X1 discussion).4.3 Other variables such as ease of repair and deployment,required operator training, operator fatigue, and transportab

20、il-ity also affect performance in an actual spill but are notmeasured in this guide. These variables should be consideredalong with the test data when making comparisons or evalua-tions of containment booms.5. Summary of Guide5.1 This guide provides standardized procedures for evalu-ating any boom s

21、ystem and provides an evaluation of aparticular booms attributes in different environmental condi-tions and the ability to compare test results of a particular boomtype with others having undergone these standard tests.5.2 The maximum wave and tow speeds at which any boomcan effectively gather and c

22、ontain oil are known as boundaryconditions. Booms that cannot maintain their design draft,freeboard, profile, and buoyancy at these conditions may beless effective. The boundary conditions depend on the charac-teristics of oil viscosity, oil/water interfacial tension andoil/water density gradient.6.

23、 Test Facilities6.1 Several types of test facilities can be used to conduct thetests outlined in this guide:6.1.1 Wave/Tow TankA wave/tow tank has a movablebridge or other mechanism for towing the test device throughwater for the length of the facility. A wave generator may beinstalled on one end, o

24、r on the side of the facility, or both.6.1.2 Current TankA current tank is a water-filled tankequipped with a pump or other propulsion system for movingthe water through a test section where the test device ismounted.Awave generator may be installed on this type of testfacility.6.1.3 Other facilitie

25、s, such as private ponds or flumes, mayalso be used, provided the test parameters can be suitablycontrolled.6.2 Ancillary systems for facilities include, but are notlimited to a distribution system for accurately delivering testfluids to the water surface, skimming systems to assist incleaning the f

26、acility between tests, and adequate tankage forstoring the test fluids.7. Test Configuration and Instrumentation7.1 The boom should be rigged in a catenary configuration,with the gap equal to 33 % of the length; or boom gap-to-length ratio of 1:3. Towing bridles are generally provided bythe manufact

27、urer for both ends of the boom which provideattachment points for towing (Fig. 1).At each end of the boom,the towing apparatus shall be joined to the tow bridle or towlead by a single point only. Boom towing force should bemeasured with in-line load cells positioned between the boomtowing bridles an

28、d tow points.7.2 Preload oil should be pumped directly into the boomapex.7.3 Data obtained during each test should include electroni-cally collected data and manually collected data. Oil and waterFIG. 1 Typical Boom Test Setup in TankF2084/F2084M 01 (2007)22property data should be based on fluid sam

29、ples obtained duringthe test period. Recommended data to be collected duringtesting, along with the method of collection, is listed in Table1.8. Test Fluids8.1 Test fluids may be crude, refined, or simulated, butshould be stable and have properties that do not vary during atest run. Test oils for us

30、e with this guide should be selected tofall within the range of typical oil properties as defined inAppendix X2 of this guide.8.2 Test fluids should be discharged at ambient watertemperatures to reduce variation in fluid properties through atest run.9. Safety Precautions9.1 Test operation shall conf

31、orm to established safety (andregulatory) requirements for both test facility operations andoil handling. Particular caution must be exercised when han-dling flammable or toxic test fluids.10. Test Variables10.1 At the onset of the test the independent or controlledtest parameters should be selected

32、. The test evaluator shouldinclude a discussion of the procedures that were used toestablish calibration and standardization. These procedurestypically include initial calibrations, pre-test and post-testchecks, sampling requirements and documentation of signifi-cant occurrences/variations, and data

33、 precision and accuracy.10.2 Data should be expressed with an indication of vari-ability. Table 2 contains a list of typical measurements showingattainable precision and accuracy values.10.3 Varying surface conditions should be employed duringtesting. Conditions should be measurable and repeatable.E

34、xamples of achievable surface conditions in controlled testenvironments are:10.3.1 CalmNo waves generated.10.3.2 Wave #1sinusoidal wave with an H13 of .30 metres12.0 inches, wavelength of 4.27 metres 14.0 feet, and anaverage period of t=1.7 seconds. (Wave dampening beaches areemployed during the gen

35、eration of this wave condition).10.3.3 Wave #2Sinusoidal wave with an H13 of .42 metres16.5 inches, wavelength of 12.8 metres 42.0 feet, and anaverage period of t=2.9 seconds. (Wave dampening beaches areemployed during the generation of this wave condition).10.3.4 Wave #3A harbor chop condition with

36、 an averageH13 of .38 metres 15.0 inches. This is also defined as aconfused sea condition where reflective waves are allowed todevelop. No wavelength is calculated for this condition.where:H13 = significant wave height = the average of the highest13of measured waves,L = wavelength = the distance on

37、a sine wave from troughto trough (or peak to peak), andT = wave period = the time it takes to travel one wave-length.11. Procedures11.1 Prior to the test, select the operating parameters, thenprepare the facility and containment boom for the test run.Measure the experimental conditions.11.1.1 The co

38、nventional boom under test should be afull-scale representative section. The boom sections basicphysical properties should be measured in accordance withASTM definitions. Table 3 contains a list of typical measure-ments and additional specification data.11.2 Measure or note immediately prior to each

39、 test thefollowing parameters:11.2.1 Wind speed, direction.11.2.2 Air and water temperature.11.2.3 General weather conditions, for example, rain, over-cast, sunny, etc.TABLE 1 Typical Data Collected During TestsDataTypicalInstrumentationCollectionMethodWind Speed,DirectionWind Monitor Computer/Data

40、Logger,Manual ReadingsAir and WaterTemperatureResistance TemperatureDetector (RTD),Themocouples,ThermometerComputer/Data Logger,Manual ReadingsTowSpeed/RelativeCurrentPulse Counter andDigital InputTachometer, CurrentMeterComputer, ControlConsole, Local DisplayWave Data Distance Sensor,Capacitance pr

41、obe,Pressure SensorComputer/Data loggerTow Force,Average(Maximumduring WaveConditions)Load Cell Computer/Data loggerTest Fluid(VolumeDistributed)Storage Tank LevelSoundings, or DistanceSensor and capacity vs.Volume ConversionsComputer/Data Logger,Manual ReadingsDistribution Rate Positive Displacemen

42、tPump with SpeedIndicator, VolumeDistributed Divided byTimePump Control Panel,Computer/Data Logger,Manual ReadingsEditorially corrected.TABLE 2 Measurement Precision and AccuracyMeasurement Accuracy (6) Precision (6)Bottom solids andWaterTo be determined(ASTM)To be determined(ASTM)Oil Distribution 0

43、.3 m3/HR 0.05 m3/HRSalinity .01000 .01000Specific Gravity,Density.001 g/cm30.0001 g/cm3Surface Tension 0.1 Dyne/cm 0.04 Dyne/cmTemperature 0.2C 0.2CTow, CurrentSpeeds (Tank/Openwater)0.051 m/se. (.1 kt)/0.255 m/sec (.5 kt)0.0255 m/sec (.05kt)/0.102 m/sec (.2 kt)Tow Force 0.25 % of full scale 2.5 lbs

44、/1000 lbsViscosity 2.0 % 1.0 %Wave Meter,(Tank/Open Water)6 mm/10 mm 1.44 mm/10 mmWind Direction 3 3Wind Speed 0.3 m/s 0.6 mph 0.3 m/s 0.6 mphF2084/F2084M 01 (2007)2311.2.4 The test fluid used for testing should be characterizedfrom samples taken each time the storage tank is filled. As aminimum, th

45、e test fluid should be analyzed for viscosity,surface and interfacial tension, specific gravity and bottomsolids and water. The results of each analysis as presented inTable 2 will be reported.11.2.5 Periodic samples of the test basin water should betaken to monitor the water properties to include o

46、il and grease,salinity, pH, and turbidity.11.3 Place the containment boom in the test basin (Fig. 1).Confirm that rigging has been in accordance with manufacturerspecifications. Document set-up conditions, for example, towbridle elevation, boom gap opening, and/or general rigging.Start the oil distr

47、ibution system, tow mechanism or water flow(if necessary) to begin the test run. The following test param-eters will be performed as outlined in Table 4.11.3.1 The test starts with a Dry Run to confirm theequipment has been properly rigged and all data collectioninstrumentation is functioning.11.3.2

48、 The Dry Run is followed by Preload test runs.Preload tests determine the minimum volume of test fluidnecessary for a containment boom to display loss by entrain-ment, and simultaneously determine the volume of test fluid aboom holds until the addition of fluid has a “minimal” effect onthe first los

49、s tow speed. As preload volumes are increased,there is a volume at which the addition of test fluid will notchange the first loss tow speed (test fluid/water interfaceentrainment speed). This test is performed in calm waterconditions and establishes a baseline preload fluid volume.This baseline containment performance serves as a datum fromwhich improved or diminished containment performance canbe measured when encountering other test conditions.11.3.2.1 The preload volume is determined by performing aseries of first loss tests.