1、Designation: F 414 06Standard Test Method forEnergy Absorbed by a Tire When Deformed by Slow-MovingPlunger1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 414; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of tireplunger energy required to completely penetrate the tread areaof an infla
3、ted tire as indicated by a rupture, loss of inflationpressure, sudden drop in plunger force or bottom-out. The testrequires utilization of a laboratory testing machine capable ofslowly penetrating the tread surface of a tire with a plungerhaving a hemispherical end.1.2 This test method is applicable
4、 to pneumatic tires forvehicles normally used on the road.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
5、 is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber
6、and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustriesE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesF 538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-formance of TiresF 1082 Practice for Tires-Determining Precision for TestMethod Standards3SI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standardfor Use
7、 of the International System of Units (SI): TheModern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bottom out, vto deform a tire by radial load on thetread until radial movement of the inside surface is stopped bythe rim or other tire inside surface. F 5383.1.2 groove, na void that is relatively
8、 narrow comparedto its length. F 5383.1.3 load range, na letter designation (A, B, C, D) or, forP-metric tires, standard load (SL) or extra load (XL), used toidentify a given size tire with its load and inflation limits whenused in a specific type of service. F 5383.1.4 load rating M, nthe maximum l
9、oad a tire is ratedto carry for a given usage at a specific cold inflation pressure.F 5383.1.5 maximum load rating M, nof a passenger tire, theload rating at the maximum permissible cold inflation pressurefor that tire. F 5383.1.6 maximum plunger travel L, nin tire testing, therelative displacement
10、of tread surface by a plunger, measuredfrom the point of initial contact of the plunger with the treadsurface to the point of maximum force at rupture or at thebottom-out point. F 5383.1.7 nominal plunger energy,W=(F3 P)/2, nin tiretesting, one half of the product of a peak force (required torupture
11、 the tire structure in tread area) and maximum plungertravel into a tire at the time of rupture. F 5383.1.8 plunger, nin tire testing, a cylindrical rod with ahemispherical end. F 5383.1.9 void, na volume (in the annular tread band) definedby the lack of rubber; the depth dimension of this volume ma
12、yvary from point to point in (on) the tread band. F 5384. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method measures tire plunger energy requiredto force a cylindrical plunger with a hemispherical end into thetread of the tire to produce a rupture of the carcass or abottom-out condition.1This test method i
13、s under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tiresand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.30 on Laboratory (Non-Vehicular) Testing.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F 414 00.2For refer
14、enced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
15、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure of testand provides data that can be related to tire strength, but doesnot measure tire performance or establish specification ortolerances.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing Mach
16、ine that incorporates a cylindrical plunger,which can be forced, at 50.8 6 1.58 mm/min (2.0 6 0.0625 in./min) radially into a tread of a tire, while the force and plungermotion are indicated or recorded.6.1.1 The force-indicating device shall have an accuracy of61 % of the indicated force and shall
17、reflect an instantaneouschange in force from zero to full scale in no more than 3.0 s.6.1.2 Relative plunger travel distance shall be indicated toan accuracy of 61 % of the distance from the originalundeformed tire tread surface, taking into account any motionor deflection of the force-measuring mec
18、hanism or supportingdevices.6.2 Means for Calibration of the Testing Machine, forplunger force, plunger travel, and rate of plunger travel isnecessary.6.3 Calibrating Weights or Other Calibrating Devices, con-forming to Practices E4, are required for verification ofcalibration.6.4 Means for Mounting
19、 a Tire on a Test Rim, and mountingthe test assembly on the testing machine is necessary.6.5 Test Rims, with dimensions as shown in the current issueof Tire and Rim Association Year Books,4ETRTO,5JATMA,6or as listed in a publication by the tire manufacturer, arenecessary.6.6 Plunger (Circular Cylind
20、er), having a diameter asshown in Table 1 for the tire being tested, and having theworking end in the shape of a hemisphere, hardened to aminimum Rockwell hardness 35 HRC, and polished to a16-in. (0.50-m) finish or better with no visible tool marks, isrequired. It must be long enough to penetrate fr
21、om theundeformed tire tread surface to the bottom-out condition.7. Sampling7.1 A sample is one or more tires taken from a lot asdirected in any applicable specification, or as taken from ashipping unit, or as agreed upon between the purchaser and theseller.7.2 Record the manufacturers identification
22、, brand name,tire identification number, tire outside diameter, rim diameter,size, load range, fabric type, and type of tire. Visually inspectthe tire completely for excessive mold lubricant and for anyobvious faults or conditions that could affect the test.8. Conditioning8.1 The ambient temperature
23、 for tire conditioning and in thetest area shall be any known temperature between 18 and 40C(65 and 105F).8.2 The test tire, after being mounted on a test rim andinflated to the applicable test pressure, shall remain at theambient temperature of the test room for at least 3 h prior totesting.9. Proc
24、edure9.1 Mount the tire on a test rim and inflate the tire with airto the pressure as specified in Table 2 when testing passengercar tires or corresponding to the maximum load or maximumdual load where there is both a single and dual load marked onthe tire for all other type tires. The inflation pre
25、ssure toleranceshall be 63.5 kPa (0.5 psi). Condition the mounted tire inaccordance with 8.1 and 8.2.9.1.1 Table 2 provides the inflation pressure to use whentesting various passenger car tire sizes. There are three com-mon styles for tire size designators in current use; each style islisted in sepa
26、rate sections of the table.4Available from Tire and Rim Association, Inc. 175 Montrose West Ave.,Copley, OH 44321.5Available from the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization, 32/2,Avenue Brugmann, B-1060 Brussels, Belgium.6Available from the JapanAutomobile Tire ManufacturersAssociation, Inc.,
27、No.33 Mori BLDG, 8thFloor, 3-8-21 Toranomon, Minato-KU, Tokyo, Japan 105-001J.TABLE 1 Plunger DiameterTire Load IdentificationATire Characteristics Plunger Diameter, mm (in.)A, B, C Motorcycle 7.9 6 0.1 (0.313 6 0.005)A, B, C, D, SL, XL,E, FAll 12-in. or smallerrim, exceptmotorcycle19.0 6 0.1 (0.750
28、 6 0.005)B, C, D, SL, XL, T Passenger car 19.0 6 0.1 (0.750 6 0.005)A, B, C, D, E, F, G,HLight truck 19.0 6 0.1 (0.750 6 0.005)A, B, C, D, E, F, G,H17.5-in. or smallerrim, tubeless19.0 6 0.1 (0.750 6 0.005)C, D, E, F Larger than 17.5-in.rim, tubeless31.8 6 0.1 (1.250 6 0.005)C, D, E, F Larger than 1
29、7.5-in.rim, tube type31.8 6 0.1 (1.250 6 0.005)G, H, J, L, M, N Larger than 17.5-in.rim, tubeless38.1 6 0.1 (1.500 6 0.005)G, H, J Larger than 17.5-in.rim, tube type38.1 6 0.1 (1.500 6 0.005)ATemporary use 60-psi tires and standard load and extra load “P metric” tiresare described as T, SL, and XL.
30、All other letter designations refer to load range.TABLE 2 Passenger Car Tire Plunger Energy Test InflationPressureATire Load IdentificationTest InflationBpsi (kPa)Maximum InflationCpsi (kPa)Alphanumeric type tiresLoad range B 24 (165) 32 (220)Load range C 28 (195) 36 (250)Load range D 32 (220) 40 (2
31、75)“Passenger” type tiresStandard load 26 (180) 35 (240)26 (180) (250)Extra load 32 (220) 41 (280)32 (220) (290)300 kPa 26 (180) 44 (300)340 kPa 32 (220) 50 (340)350 kPa 26 (180) 51 (350)“LT” and “C” type tires Corresponding to pressure for maximumload or maximum dual load where there isboth single
32、and dual load marked on thesidewall.“T” type tiresTemporary use 52 (360) 60 (420)AInflation pressure tolerance = 63.5 kPa (60.5 psi).BRefer to SI10-02 for a comprehensive understanding of SI units. The conver-sion unit relative to previous practice: 1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.CPart of the identification o
33、f the tire is the “Maximum Pressure,” which isstamped on the sidewall of the tire.F4140629.1.1.1 A tire size designator in the “Passenger” style mayor may not use the single letter “P” followed by a numberidentifying a width, a slash (/), a number identifying the aspectratio, a construction indicato
34、r “R”, and another number indi-cating the rim size code.9.1.1.2 A tire size designator in the alphanumeric style usesa single letter (other than P or T) followed by a numberidentifying an aspect ratio, a hyphen, and another numberindicating the rim size code.9.1.1.3 A tire size designator in the “T”
35、 style uses the singleletter “T” followed by a number identifying a width, a slash (/),a number identifying the aspect ratio, an “R” or “D,” andanother number indicating the rim size code.9.2 An inner tube of the same size as the tire shall be usedfor all measurements on tube-type tires and may be u
36、sed intubeless-type tires.9.3 Select a plunger of diameter specified in Table 1 andproperly secure the plunger to the testing machine.9.4 Clean the plunger prior to each test using a clean softcloth and a water soluble rubber lubricant or water misciblesolvent. Wipe completely dry and clean off any
37、residue orforeign matter. Clean the tire prior to each test using a clean,dry, soft cloth.9.5 Mount the tire-wheel assembly on the testing machine.Adjust the test inflation pressure, if necessary, and adjust thelateral position of the plunger or wheel so that the plungercontacts the tire at the test
38、 point (tread rib nearest tire center)with a force just sufficient to cause a slight drag between thetire and plunger. Avoid centering the plunger on a deep groovein the tread rib or block.9.6 Force the tire onto the plunger or the plunger perpen-dicularly into the tire tread (depending upon the rel
39、ative motionemployed by the test apparatus) at a rate of 50.8 mm/min(2 in./min), while recording plunger force and travel.9.7 Increase tire deformation by the plunger until the tireeither is completely penetrated (as would be indicated by arupture, loss of inflation pressure) or bottom-out occurs.Re
40、cord the maximum plunger force and plunger travel into thetire at five test points or at three test points for tires of 12-in.rim diameter or less, equally spaced around the tire circumfer-ence in accordance with 9.1-9.6. Use these values in Section 10to calculate energy. If a bottom-out condition i
41、s reached, stopthe test before any damage to the tire, rim, or plunger pin canoccur, and record the plunger force and travel. If the tire failsto break before plunger is stopped on reaching the rim and therequired minimum breaking energy is not achieved, then therequired minimum breaking energy is d
42、eemed to have beenachieved at that point. If force required to break is required,proceed to 9.9.9.8 If necessary, to prevent inflation pressure loss, after eachplunger test, place a tire patch over the rupture area on theinside of the tire. Reinflate to test inflation pressure andproceed to the next
43、 test location.9.9 If a bottom-out condition is reached and the force torupture is desired, return the plunger and wheel to a startingrelationship. Rotate the wheel 24 (115 of the tire perimeter),avoiding previous test locations. Increase the tire inflationpressure in 28-kPa (4-psi) increments, unti
44、l penetration isachieved, but do not exceed the maximum permissible inflationpressure. The energy generated at these higher pressures willbe (with in test variation) less than that obtained at a lowerspecified pressure permitted to travel until rupture is obtained.Make the necessary number of determ
45、inations as indicated in9.7. If complete penetration does not occur at maximumpermissible inflation pressure, report the bottom-out energyvalue at maximum inflation pressure (see Section 10).10. Calculation of Results10.1 Compute the nominal plunger energy for each of thetest points measured by mean
46、s of the following formula:We!5 F 3 P!/2 (1)where:W(e)= nominal plunger energy, lbfin.,F = maximum force, lbf, andP = maximum plunger travel, in.orWm!5 F 3 P/2000 (2)where:W(m)= nominal plunger energy, J,F = maximum force, N, andP = maximum plunger travel, mm.10.1.1 Tire plunger energy can also be o
47、btained by measur-ing the area under the force deformation curve if test equip-ment is so equipped. However, the energy value obtained canbe different from the formula value and must so be indicated inthe test report.10.1.2 Tire plunger energy values obtained using inflationpressure other than the t
48、est inflation pressure as listed in Table2 cannot be compared unless the testing has been done at thesame inflation pressure. A tire will have different values ofplunger energy when tested at two different inflation pressures.For example, a tire that ruptures at 225 J (1991 lbfin.) at165 kPa (24 psi
49、) is not as strong as a tire that ruptures at 225 J(1991 lbfin.) at 195 kPa (28 psi).10.2 Calculate the average W(e)or W(m)and record theaverage, maximum, and minimum W(e)or W(m)value obtainedfor each tire.11. Report11.1 State that the tests were made in accordance with TestMethod F 414.11.2 The report shall include the following:11.2.1 Source and complete markings of the test tire,11.2.2 Designations of the rim used in the test conducted,11.2.3 Temperature at which the tire was conditioned andtested,11.2.4 Any tire condition or abnormality determined by
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