1、Designation: F 414 09Standard Test Method forEnergy Absorbed by a Tire When Deformed by Slow-MovingPlunger1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 414; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of tireplunger energy required to completely penetrate the tread areaof an inflat
3、ed tire as indicated by a rupture, loss of inflationpressure, sudden drop in plunger force or bottom-out. The testrequires utilization of a laboratory testing machine capable ofslowly penetrating the tread surface of a tire with a plungerhaving a hemispherical end.1.2 This test method is applicable
4、to pneumatic tires forvehicles normally used on the road.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
5、is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber a
6、nd Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustriesE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesF 538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-formance of TiresF 1082 Practice for Tires-Determining Precision for TestMethod Standards3SI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standardfor Use
7、of the International System of Units (SI): TheModern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bottom out, vto deform a tire by radial load on thetread until radial movement of the inside surface is stopped bythe rim or other tire inside surface. F 5383.1.2 groove, na void that is relatively
8、narrow comparedto its length. F 5383.1.3 load range, na letter designation (A, B, C, D) or, forP-metric tires, standard load (SL), light load (LL), or extra load(XL), used to identify a given size tire with its load andinflation limits when used in a specific type of service.F 5383.1.4 load rating M
9、, nthe maximum load a tire is ratedto carry for a given usage at a specific cold inflation pressure.F 5383.1.5 maximum load rating M, nof a passenger tire, theload rating at the maximum permissible cold inflation pressurefor that tire. F 5383.1.6 maximum plunger travel L, nin tire testing, therelati
10、ve displacement of tread surface by a plunger, measuredfrom the point of initial contact of the plunger with the treadsurface to the point of maximum force at rupture or at thebottom-out point. F 5383.1.7 nominal plunger energy,W=(F3 P)/2, nin tiretesting, one half of the product of a peak force (re
11、quired torupture the tire structure in tread area) and maximum plungertravel into a tire at the time of rupture. F 5383.1.8 plunger, nin tire testing, a cylindrical rod with ahemispherical end. F 5383.1.9 void, na volume (in the annular tread band) definedby the lack of rubber; the depth dimension o
12、f this volume mayvary from point to point in (on) the tread band. F 5381This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tiresand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.30 on Laboratory (Non-Vehicular) Testing.Current edition approved June 15, 2009. Published July 2009.
13、Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F 414 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
14、nthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method measures tire plunger energy requiredto force a cylindrical plunger with a hemispherical end into thetread of
15、the tire to produce a rupture of the carcass or abottom-out condition.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure of testand provides data that can be related to tire strength, but doesnot measure tire performance or establish specification ortolerances.6. Apparatus6
16、.1 Testing Machine that incorporates a cylindrical plunger,which can be forced, at 50.8 6 1.58 mm/min (2.0 6 0.0625 in./min) radially into a tread of a tire, while the force and plungermotion are indicated or recorded.6.1.1 The force-indicating device shall have an accuracy of61 % of the indicated f
17、orce and shall reflect an instantaneouschange in force from zero to full scale in no more than 3.0 s.6.1.2 Relative plunger travel distance shall be indicated toan accuracy of 61 % of the distance from the originalundeformed tire tread surface, taking into account any motionor deflection of the forc
18、e-measuring mechanism or supportingdevices.6.2 Means for Calibration of the Testing Machine, forplunger force, plunger travel, and rate of plunger travel isnecessary.6.3 Calibrating Weights or Other Calibrating Devices, con-forming to Practices E4, are required for verification ofcalibration.6.4 Mea
19、ns for Mounting a Tire on a Test Rim, and mountingthe test assembly on the testing machine is necessary.6.5 Test Rims, with dimensions as shown in the current issueof Tire and Rim Association Year Books,4ETRTO,5JATMA,6or as listed in a publication by the tire manufacturer, arenecessary.6.6 Plunger (
20、Circular Cylinder), having a diameter asshown in Table 1 for the tire being tested, and having theworking end in the shape of a hemisphere, hardened to aminimum Rockwell hardness 35 HRC, and polished to a16-in. (0.50-m) finish or better with no visible tool marks, isrequired. It must be long enough
21、to penetrate from theundeformed tire tread surface to the bottom-out condition.7. Sampling7.1 A sample is one or more tires taken from a lot asdirected in any applicable specification, or as taken from ashipping unit, or as agreed upon between the purchaser and theseller.7.2 Record the manufacturers
22、 identification, brand name,tire identification number, tire outside diameter, rim diameter,size, load range, fabric type, and type of tire. Visually inspectthe tire completely for excessive mold lubricant and for anyobvious faults or conditions that could affect the test.8. Conditioning8.1 The ambi
23、ent temperature for tire conditioning and in thetest area shall be any known temperature between 18 and 40C(65 and 105F).8.2 The test tire, after being mounted on a test rim andinflated to the applicable test pressure, shall remain at theambient temperature of the test room for at least 3 h prior to
24、testing.9. Procedure9.1 Mount the tire on a test rim and inflate the tire with airto the pressure as specified in Table 2 when testing passengercar tires or corresponding to the maximum load or maximumdual load where there is both a single and dual load marked onthe tire for all other type tires. Th
25、e inflation pressure toleranceshall be 63.5 kPa (0.5 psi). Condition the mounted tire inaccordance with 8.1 and 8.2.9.1.1 Table 2 provides the inflation pressure to use whentesting various passenger car tire sizes. There are three com-mon styles for tire size designators in current use; each style i
26、slisted in separate sections of the table.9.1.1.1 A tire size designator in the “Passenger” style mayor may not use the single letter “P” followed by a numberidentifying a width, a slash (/), a number identifying the aspect4Available from Tire and Rim Association, Inc. 175 Montrose West Ave.,Copley,
27、 OH 44321.5Available from the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization, 32/2,Avenue Brugmann, B-1060 Brussels, Belgium.6Available from the JapanAutomobile Tire ManufacturersAssociation, Inc., No.33 Mori BLDG, 8thFloor, 3-8-21 Toranomon, Minato-KU, Tokyo, Japan 105-001J.TABLE 1 Plunger DiameterTi
28、re Load IdentificationATire Characteristics Plunger Diameter, mm (in.)A, B, C Motorcycle 7.9 6 0.1 (0.313 6 0.005)A, B, C, D, SL, XL,E, FAll 12-in. or smallerrim, exceptmotorcycle19.0 6 0.1 (0.750 6 0.005)B, C, D, SL, LL, XL, T Passenger car 19.0 6 0.1 (0.750 6 0.005)B, C, D, E, F, G,HLight truck 19
29、.0 6 0.1 (0.750 6 0.005)B, C, D, E, F, G,H17.5-in. or smallerrim, tubeless19.0 6 0.1 (0.750 6 0.005)C, D, E, F Larger than 17.5-in.rim, tubeless31.8 6 0.1 (1.250 6 0.005)C, D, E, F Larger than 17.5-in.rim, tube type31.8 6 0.1 (1.250 6 0.005)G, H, J, L, M, N Larger than 17.5-in.rim, tubeless38.1 6 0.
30、1 (1.500 6 0.005)G, H, J Larger than 17.5-in.rim, tube type38.1 6 0.1 (1.500 6 0.005)ATemporary use 60-psi tires and standard load, light load, and extra load “Pmetric” tires are described as T, SL, LL, and XL. All other letter designations referto load range.F414092ratio, a construction indicator “
31、R”, and another number indi-cating the rim size code.9.1.1.2 A tire size designator in the alphanumeric style usesa single letter (other than P or T) followed by a numberidentifying an aspect ratio, a hyphen, and another numberindicating the rim size code.9.1.1.3 A tire size designator in the “T” st
32、yle uses the singleletter “T” followed by a number identifying a width, a slash (/),a number identifying the aspect ratio, an “R” or “D,” andanother number indicating the rim size code.9.2 An inner tube of the same size as the tire shall be usedfor all measurements on tube-type tires and may be used
33、 intubeless-type tires.9.3 Select a plunger of diameter specified in Table 1 andproperly secure the plunger to the testing machine.9.4 Clean the plunger prior to each test using a clean softcloth and a water soluble rubber lubricant or water misciblesolvent. Wipe completely dry and clean off any res
34、idue orforeign matter. Clean the tire prior to each test using a clean,dry, soft cloth.9.5 Mount the tire-wheel assembly on the testing machine.Adjust the test inflation pressure, if necessary, and adjust thelateral position of the plunger or wheel so that the plungercontacts the tire at the test po
35、int (tread rib nearest tire center)with a force just sufficient to cause a slight drag between thetire and plunger. Avoid centering the plunger on a deep groovein the tread rib or block.9.6 Force the tire onto the plunger or the plunger perpen-dicularly into the tire tread (depending upon the relati
36、ve motionemployed by the test apparatus) at a rate of 50.8 mm/min(2 in./min), while recording plunger force and travel.9.7 Increase tire deformation by the plunger until the tireeither is completely penetrated (as would be indicated by arupture, loss of inflation pressure) or bottom-out occurs.Recor
37、d the maximum plunger force and plunger travel into thetire at five test points or at three test points for tires of 12-in.rim diameter or less, equally spaced around the tire circumfer-ence in accordance with 9.1-9.6. Use these values in Section 10to calculate energy. If a bottom-out condition is r
38、eached, stopthe test before any damage to the tire, rim, or plunger pin canoccur, and record the plunger force and travel. If the tire failsto break before plunger is stopped on reaching the rim and therequired minimum breaking energy is not achieved, then therequired minimum breaking energy is deem
39、ed to have beenachieved at that point.9.8 If necessary, to prevent inflation pressure loss, after eachplunger test, place a tire patch over the rupture area on theinside of the tire. Reinflate to test inflation pressure andproceed to the next test location.10. Calculation of Results10.1 Compute the
40、nominal plunger energy for each of thetest points measured by means of the following formula:We!5 F 3 P!/2 (1)where:W(e)= nominal plunger energy, lbfin.,F = maximum force, lbf, andP = maximum plunger travel, in.orWm!5 F 3 P/2000 (2)where:W(m)= nominal plunger energy, J,F = maximum force, N, andP = m
41、aximum plunger travel, mm.10.1.1 Tire plunger energy can also be obtained by measur-ing the area under the force deformation curve if test equip-ment is so equipped. However, the energy value obtained canbe different from the formula value and must so be indicated inthe test report.10.1.2 Tire plung
42、er energy values obtained using inflationpressure other than the test inflation pressure as listed in Table2 cannot be compared unless the testing has been done at thesame inflation pressure. A tire will have different values ofplunger energy when tested at two different inflation pressures.For exam
43、ple, a tire that ruptures at 225 J (1991 lbfin.) at165 kPa (24 psi) is not as strong as a tire that ruptures at 225 J(1991 lbfin.) at 195 kPa (28 psi).10.2 Calculate the average W(e)or W(m)and record theaverage, maximum, and minimum W(e)or W(m)value obtainedfor each tire.11. Report11.1 State that th
44、e tests were made in accordance with TestMethod F 414.11.2 The report shall include the following:11.2.1 Source and complete markings of the test tire,11.2.2 Designations of the rim used in the test conducted,11.2.3 Temperature at which the tire was conditioned andtested,11.2.4 Any tire condition or
45、 abnormality determined byinspection or noted during testing that might have influencedthe test,TABLE 2 Passenger Car Tire Plunger Energy Test InflationPressureATire Load IdentificationTest InflationBpsi (kPa)Maximum InflationCpsi (kPa)Alphanumeric type tiresLoad range B 24 (165) 32 (220)Load range
46、C 28 (195) 36 (250)Load range D 32 (220) 40 (275)“Passenger” type tiresStandard load or LL 26 (180) 35 (240)26 (180) (250)Extra load 26 (180) 44 (300)26 (180) 51 (350)32 (220) 41 (280)32 (220) (290)32 (220) 50 (340)“LT” and “C” type tires Corresponding to pressure for maximumload or maximum dual loa
47、d where there isboth single and dual load marked on thesidewall.“T” type tiresTemporary use 52 (360) 60 (420)AInflation pressure tolerance = 63.5 kPa (60.5 psi).BRefer to SI10-02 for a comprehensive understanding of SI units. The conver-sion unit relative to previous practice: 1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.C
48、Part of the identification of the tire is the “Maximum Pressure,” which isstamped on the sidewall of the tire.F41409311.2.5 All values of W(e)or W(m)plus the average, mini-mum, and maximum tire plunger energy to the nearest1J(orthe nearest 10 lbfin.), and the inflation pressure used.11.2.6 Number of
49、 times the tire reached the bottom-outcondition without failure (and the inflation pressure) with thevalue of plunger energy calculated at the bottom-out condition.12. Precision and Bias12.1 These precision statements have been prepared inaccordance with Practice F 1082, which has been withdrawn.Committee F09 is now using Practice D 4483 as a guidelinedocument for precision. Please refer to this practice forterminology and other testing and statistical explanation.12.2 An interlaboratory program to test bias tires wasconducted in 1985. A lot of 15 nomin
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