1、Designation: F481 97 (Reapproved 2014) An American National StandardStandard Practice forInstallation of Thermoplastic Pipe and Corrugated Pipe inSeptic Tank Leach Fields1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures for handling andinstallin
3、g thermoplastic pipe and corrugated pipe in septic tankleach fields, curtain drains, and from the septic tank to the leachfield. Proper installation ensures that the pipe will satisfactorilyconvey and distribute partially treated waste water to aleaching field for additional treatment and disposal b
4、y soilabsorption. The curtain or perimeter drain will function toprotect the soil absorption capacity of the leach field.1.2 To ensure compliance with local regulatory provisions,the local approving authority (local health departments and soforth) should be contacted regarding specific requirements
5、forleach field design materials and installation.1.3 This practice applies to pipe and fittings made undereach of the following ASTM specifications:1.3.1 For transport from tank to leach field: SpecificationsD2680, D2729, D2751, D2852, D3034, F405, F758, F789,F810, F891, F892, and F949.1.3.2 Perfora
6、ted, for use in leach field or curtain drain:Specifications D2729, D2751, F405, F810, F891, and F892.1.4 Pipe intended for installation in accordance with thispractice should have a minimum pipe stiffness as specified inthe appropriate product standard referenced in 1.3.1 or 1.3.2.1.5 The values sta
7、ted in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its us
8、e. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1600 Terminology forA
9、bbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-ticsD2321 Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplas-tic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow ApplicationsD2680 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene(ABS) and Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Composite SewerPipingD2729 Specification for Poly(Vinyl C
10、hloride) (PVC) SewerPipe and FittingsD2751 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene(ABS) Sewer Pipe and Fittings (Withdrawn 2014)3D2852 Specification for Styrene-Rubber (SR) Plastic DrainPipe and FittingsD3034 Specification for Type PSM Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC) Sewer Pipe and FittingsF405
11、Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipeand FittingsF412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping SystemsF449 Practice for Subsurface Installation of CorrugatedPolyethylene Pipe for Agricultural Drainage or WaterTable ControlF758 Specification for Smooth-Wall Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC) Plast
12、ic Underdrain Systems for Highway, Airport,and Similar DrainageF789 Specification for Type PS-46 and Type PS-115 Poly-(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Gravity Flow Sewer Pipeand Fittings (Withdrawn 2004)3F810 Specification for Smoothwall Polyethylene (PE) Pipefor Use in Drainage and Waste DisposalAbso
13、rption FieldsF891 Specification for Coextruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC) Plastic Pipe With a Cellular CoreF892 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Corrugated PipeWith a Smooth Interior and Fittings (Withdrawn 2001)31This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on PlasticPiping Syste
14、ms and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.65 on LandDrainage.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F481 97(2008). DOI:10.1520/F0481-97R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websi
15、te, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International,
16、 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F949 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Corru-gated Sewer Pipe With a Smooth Interior and Fittings3. Terminology3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412and abbreviations are in accordance wi
17、th Terminology D1600,unless otherwise specified.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dual-wall pipepipe with corrugated exterior andsmooth interior.3.2.2 pipesmooth or corrugated interior wall thermoplas-tic pipe.4. General Requirements4.1 StoragePipe should be stored with suppor
18、t from a flatsurface to prevent the pipe from developing a permanent set.4.2 HandlingCare should be exercised during loading,unloading, and in transit because pipe may be damaged byabrasion and sharp edges. Because thermoplastics are tempo-rarily softened by high temperatures, care should be takenun
19、der these conditions to avoid damage during handlingoperations.4.3 If contact with chemicals not ordinarily present insanitary sewage is anticipated, the approval of the regulatoryauthority to install pipe should be obtained.NOTE 1The manufacturer should be contacted for information onchemical resis
20、tance.4.4 Coiled pipe is not recommended for use in leach fieldsbecause it is difficult to install at the proper grade andalignment; it is acceptable with special equipment installation.NOTE 2Corrugated interior pipe should not be used between thedwelling and the waste water treatment unit (septic t
21、ank or similar device)because the corrugations may inhibit the flow of solids contained in thewaste.5. InstallationLeach Field5.1 Leach fields should be constructed to meet the require-ments of the local Department of Health or other governingauthority, which should be contacted for information andr
22、equirements on design, location, installation, materials, and soforth.5.2 Before installation, pipe should be inspected for damagesuch as kinks, crushed portions, splits, and so forth. Anydamaged portions of pipe shall be cut out as a cylinder anddiscarded. Make a visual check of the bore to ensure
23、it is clearof foreign objects that might impede flow.5.3 Gravel SystemsFor proper waste water flow into thesurrounding soils and to provide for support of pipe, a uniformlayer of 4 to 6 in. (100 to 150 mm) of graded aggregate shouldbe placed in the trench bottom and leveled true to grade priorto lay
24、ing the pipe (see Fig. 1). Aggregate should range from34to 214 in. (13 to 54 mm) in size. The aggregate under the pipeshould not be compacted; for example, by tamping or walking,as this may damage the soil interface.5.4 Fittings recommended by the pipe manufacturer shouldbe used at all joints and fo
25、r changes of direction except thatpipe may be bent to a radius of not less than 5 times thediameter.5.5 Unless otherwise specified, pipe should be laid true tograde and aligned in the center of the trench, with the top printline or location stripe at the 12 oclock position so that holesare placed do
26、wn. It should be held in place by alignmentsupports, such as wooden stakes or steel rods.NOTE 3Some authorities require the covering of the line withuntreated building paper or a geotextile to prevent entry of aggregate,prior to the next step. This is usually required only in areas that require thep
27、erforations to be oriented on the top instead of the bottom of the pipe.5.6 For gravel systems, place aggregate around the pipeuntil only the top center is still visible. Make a final check ofgrade and alignment. It is particularly important that the sidewalls be given uniform and continuous support
28、 to providelateral restraint against deflection during backfilling operations.Care should be taken to prevent damage to the lines. Do notpermit a dump truck or front-end loader to dump directly overthe pipe. Call for final inspection by local authority if required.5.6.1 Add additional aggregate unti
29、l the lines are covered toa minimum depth of 2 in. (50 mm) above the pipe (see Fig. 1).Remove alignment supports, level the aggregate, and backfillto grade with soil. An additional 4 to 6-in. (100 to 150-mm)overfill is recommended to compensate for settling.NOTE 4Some authorities require that the to
30、p of the aggregate beprotected from migration by a layer of nonbiodegradable, perviousmaterial such as untreated building paper or a geotextile. Installers shouldnote that the use of the impervious materials, such as plastic film, preventsupward evapotranspiration. The governing authority should be
31、contactedto determine the type of material required.5.7 For the gravel-less leach lines, the plastic protectivecovering used in shipping must be removed from the pipebefore backfilling. The geotextile covering of the pipe must becontinuous and not damaged. Gravel-less leach lines should bebackfilled
32、 with the soil excavated from the trench. Placeembedment material, free of large particles such as rocks,clods, and other extraneous materials up to the spring line ofthe pipe. Work sufficient material along the sides of the pipe toprovide adequate side support, without compacting the mate-rial (see
33、 Fig. 2).5.7.1 Add selected backfill to a minimum of 6 in. (150 mm)over the top of the pipe. Remaining backfill may consist ofnative soil. An additional 4 to 6 in. (100 to 150 mm) of overfillis recommended to compensate for settling.NOTE 5A record of the installation should be made, including aNOTE
34、11 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 1 Gravel Leach TrenchF481 97 (2014)2dimensional sketch, name of installer, date of installation, type and brandof pipe installed, and other system details. It is suggested that the systemowner be provided with a copy of this record.6. InstallationNon-Perforated Pipe6.1 Non-perf
35、orated laterals and connector lines are notnormally bedded in an aggregate envelope but are usuallybackfilled with the soil excavated from the trench. Therefore,place embedment material, free of large particles such as rocks,clods, and other extraneous materials, up to the spring line ofthe pipe and
36、 compact by hand or mechanical tamping. Worksufficient material under the sides of the pipe to provideadequate side support (see Fig. 3).6.2 Take care to avoid contact between the pipe andcompaction equipment. The initial backfill and backfill mate-rial should generally be compacted in such a way th
37、at thecompaction equipment is not used directly above the pipe untilsufficient backfill has been placed to ensure that such equip-ment will not have a damaging effect on the pipe. Refer also toPractice D2321 or F449 for additional details and definitions.7. InstallationCurtain Drains7.1 Curtain drai
38、ns are installed to prevent water seepageinto a leach field area. They should be installed in accordancewith Practice D2321 or F449 and at least 1 ft (0.3 m) deeperthan the leach lines and 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3 m) from the leachline. The curtain drain should be directed to a free or pumpoutlet.7.2 Wh
39、en perforated, slotted, or slitted pipe is used, gravelor porous backfill should extend as specified or to any seepplane (see Fig. 4).7.3 If edgedrain is used, permeable soil or gravel backfillmay be used (see Fig. 5).8. Special Precautions8.1 Effect of High TemperaturesPipe can reach compara-tively
40、 high temperatures when exposed to the sun and thisreduces the pipe stiffness appreciably. Therefore, precautionsmust be taken to prevent the impact of sharp or heavy objects,the sudden imposition of heavy overburden or excessive pullon such pipe. The pipe regains full strength and stiffness as thet
41、emperature decreases to that of the soil; this will normallyrequire about 5 min.8.2 Effect of Low TemperaturesCare in handling andinstallation should be exercised under low-temperature condi-tions to avoid damage. As temperatures decrease, some typesof pipe tend to become more brittle and less flexi
42、ble.9. Keywords9.1 curtain drain; gravel-less; installation; leach fieldNOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 2 Gravel-less Leach TrenchNOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 3 Non-Aggregate InstallationNOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 4 Curtain Drain With PipeF481 97 (2014)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the v
43、alidity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is s
44、ubject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headq
45、uarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This stan
46、dard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or se
47、rviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 11 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 5 Curtain Drain With EdgedrainF481 97 (2014)4
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