1、Designation: F 510 93 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forResistance to Abrasion of Resilient Floor Coverings Usingan Abrader with a Grit Feed Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 510; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Sc
3、ope1.1 This test method2covers the laboratory procedure fordetermining the abrasion resistance of resilient flooring usingan abrader with a grit feeder.31.2 The equipment used in this test method is a modificationof the Taber abraser. The regular ceramic wheels are replacedby leather clad brass roll
4、ers. A grit-feeding device feeds240-mesh aluminum oxide grit onto the specimen before itpasses under the leather clad rollers. Using the exhaust systemincorporated in the apparatus, the used grit and abradedmaterial are continuously removed after passing under bothrollers.1.3 This test method employ
5、s a rotary, rubbing actioncaused by the dual abrading wheels. One wheel rubs thespecimen from the center outward and the other from theoutside toward the center. The wheels traverse a completecircle and have an abrasive action on the rotating specimen atall angles. It is felt that this action approa
6、ches the twistingaction between shoe and floor that occurs when a person turns.The use of loose grit serves the function of an abradant and alsoaids in the rolling action felt to be characteristic of normalwalking.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, assoc
7、iated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 792
8、Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementE 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate aMeasure of Quality for a Lot or ProcessE 171 Specification for Standard Atmospheres for Condi-tioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Materials2.2 ANSI Stan
9、dard:B74.12 Checking the Size of Abrasive Grain for GrindingWheels, Polishing, and General Industrial Uses53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasionof resilient floor coverings, a form of wear,in which a gradual removing of a flooring surface is caused bythe frictional action of relatively fine h
10、ard particles.3.1.2 resistance to abrasionof resilient floor coverings,the ability of a material to withstand mechanical actions ofrelatively fine hard particles, which by rubbing, scraping, anderoding remove material from a floor covering surface.4. Significance and Use4.1 When subjected to normal
11、in-use traffic conditions, aflooring material is exposed to abrasion caused by the destruc-tive action of fine hard particles. This situation occurs when-ever a particle-polluted intermediate layer exists betweentraffic bodies (that is, shoes and a flooring surface). Undercontinuing exposure to an “
12、abrasive action,” a flooring materialmay suffer a thickness loss sufficient to reduce its service life.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F06 on ResilientFloor Coverings, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F06.30 on TestMethodsPerformance.Current edition appro
13、ved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 51093(1999).2This test method is described by W. E. Irwin in “Development of a Method toMeasure Wear on Resilient Flooring,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol4,No.1, January 1976,
14、pp. 1520.3This grit feed method is frequently referred to as the “Frick Grit Feed Method”because it is based on work done by Otto F. V. Frick as described in “Studies of Wearon Flooring Materials,” Wear, Vol 14, 1969, pp. 119131.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, o
15、rcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International,
16、 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Abrasion resistance measurements of resilient floorcoverings can be complicated since the resistance to abrasion isaffected by many factors. One of these is the physical proper-ties of the material in the floor
17、covering surface, particularly itshardness and resilience. The type and degree of added sub-stances, such as fillers and pigments, can also affect abrasionresistance. It can also be affected by conditions of the test (forexample, the type and characteristics of the abradant and howit acts on the are
18、a of the specimen being abraded, including thedevelopment and dissipation of heat during the test cycle). Thesurface characteristics of the specimen, such as type, depth,and amount of embossing, can likewise affect the abrasionresistance of resilient floorings.4.3 This test method is designed to sim
19、ulate one kind ofabrasive action and abradant that a flooring may encounter inthe field. However, results should not be used as an absoluteindex of ultimate life because, as noted, there are too manyfactors and interactions to consider.Also involved are the manydifferent types of service locations.
20、Therefore, the data fromthis test method are of value chiefly in the development ofmaterials and should not be used without qualifications as abasis for commercial comparisons.5. Apparatus5.1 Apparatus,6as shown in Fig. 1, shall consist of thefollowing:5.1.1 Abraser,5.1.2 Feeder attachment, for the
21、abraser.5.1.3 Leather-covered brass wheels6shall have a diameterof 1.75 in. (4.44 cm), and the width shall be 0.50 in. (1.27 cm);weight of the brass wheel shall be 5.11 oz (145 g). Width of theleather covering shall be 0.50 in. (1.27 cm), and the weight ofthe leather strip shall be 0.202 oz (5 g).5.
22、1.4 Vacuum unit,6or equivalent, and a water trap asshown in Fig. 2. The purpose of the water trap is to protect thevacuum equipment motor, reduce the need to empty thevacuum bag frequently, and minimize readjustment of speed.The inlet pipe to the water trap should be far enough away fromthe water su
23、rface so that undue turbulence is avoided and waterdoes not enter the exhaust line.5.1.5 Speed control, or equivalent, for adjusting grit feedrate.5.2 Aluminum Oxide Grit6240 grit, ANSI B74.12.5.3 Conditioning Room, providing the standard laboratoryatmosphere of 50 6 5 % relative humidity at a tempe
24、rature of73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C) in accordance with SpecificationE 171.5.4 Equipment, for determining specific gravity.5.5 Analytical Balance, for weighing specimens to a preci-sion of 0.001 g.5.6 Die or Knife, for cutting specimens to designated size.5.7 Sieve, No. 80 (180 m).5.8 Oven, to dry grit by
25、 heating at 180F (82C).5.9 Static Eliminator Brush.6. Test Specimens6.1 The test specimen shall measure 4 6132 by 4 6132 in.(101.60 6 0.8 by 101.60 6 0.8 mm). A14 6164-in. (6.25 60.4-mm) diameter hole is drilled through the precise center ofthe specimen to allow fastening to the specimen holder.6.2
26、The required number of specimens for each test shall beindicated in the material specification. If no number is given,four samples shall be taken from the material and onedetermination made on each. The average of the four orotherwise specified measurements shall be taken as the abra-sion loss for t
27、he material.7. Calibration and Standardization7.1 Adjust the abrader with the grit feeder for properoperation using cast acrylic sheet6as the standard material. Theequipment, when running properly, shall produce an averageweight loss of 127.5 6 10 mg for four specimens and 127.5 618 mg for an indivi
28、dual test at 2000 revolutions (Note 1).Operation of the equipment for calibration shall be as describedin Section 9, except that specific gravity will not need to bedetermined.NOTE 1If the desired weight loss is not obtained, check on thefollowing: grit feed rate, path of the grit, removal of the gr
29、it, condition ofthe leather on the wheels, free rotation of wheel bearings, specimenslippage, static charge effects, humidity control, faulty revolution counter,and weighing errors.8. Conditioning8.1 For those tests where conditioning is required, conditionthe specimens at 73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C) and
30、50 6 5%6The sole source of supply of the Part No. S-38, Taber model 530 or 5130abraser, and Model 155 grit feeder attachment (Part No. 0503-00-0155), andtop-grade belt leather (Part No. S-39) known to the committee at this time isTeledyne Taber Corp., 455 Bryant St., North Tonawanda, NY 14120. If yo
31、u areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquar-ters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend.FIG. 1 Taber Abraser with Grit FeederF 510 93 (2004)2relative humidity for not less th
32、an 40 h prior to test inaccordance with Practice D 618.8.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in the standard labora-tory atmosphere of 73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C) and 50 6 5%relative humidity unless otherwise specified in the test method.9. Procedure9.1 Determine the specific gravity of the material to beteste
33、d in accordance with standard analytical procedures, suchas Method A-1 or A-2 in Test Methods D 792. If the specimenas received is not homogeneous but possesses a surface thatdiffers from the body or core, determine the specific gravity ofthe surface alone. If abrasion is to be carried beyond thesur
34、face of the body, also determine the specific gravity of thelatter and calculate and report the abrasion resistance of the twocomponents separately.9.2 Screen the grit through a U.S. Standard Sieve No. 80(180 m) and dry for1hat180F.9.3 Fill the grit reservoir with grit and swing the feeder outaway f
35、rom the abrader.Allow the feeder to run for 15 to 20 minso that the apparatus comes to running temperature. Adjust therate of feed to 3506 50 mg per specimen revolution. The feedrate may be measured by holding a tared petri dish under thenozzle of the grit feeder for 100 or more specimen revolutions
36、and weighing the amount of grit delivered. The feed rate maybe controlled by adjusting the motor speed. Shutdown timeshould be no more than 1 min to minimize the effects ofcooling. If a shutdown in excess of 1 min occurs, allow thefeeder to run for 5 min and recheck the grit feed rate. It issuggeste
37、d that the grit feed rate check be made after every thirdrun.9.4 When the specimens have been prepared and condi-tioned, brush with the static eliminator and record the initialvalues for weight to the nearest 0.001 g. Handle samples withcare to eliminate contact with moisture from the hands or other
38、environmental contact.9.5 Secure the specimen to the specimen disk. Somesamples, particularly those containing a foam layer, tend to slipon the rotating table. Such slippage can be prevented bydrilling a hole through the washer under the holding screw intothe table and inserting a pin through a hole
39、 in the sample intothe table. This will prevent slippage of the sample and ensurethat the sample and table make the same number of revolu-tions. The circular clamp may be used, if needed, to keep thespecimen from lifting.9.6 Adjust the feeder nozzle so that it is no higher than14 in.(6.3 mm) above t
40、he specimen and so that the stream of gritdelivered will evenly cover the path covered by the rollers.This may be done by adjusting the set-screw located at the baseof the feeder and should be done prior to the start of the test.9.7 It is essential that the grit feed fall into the path of thewheels.
41、 The screws holding the grit feeder to the frame can beadjusted to move the feeder a small distance toward the frontor back of the abrader. This results in a small radial movementof the point of grit feed. The correct location of the feeder canbe checked by collecting grit for one revolution on a ca
42、librationplate containing concentric circles of various radii. The loca-tion of the grit pattern can then be compared with the wear pathrecorded on a poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) or othertransparent plate.9.8 Place the 1000-g weights provided with the apparatus oneach of the roller arms. Fasten t
43、he leather-covered rollers toeach arm and lower to the specimen surface. The leather rollersshould be replaced when one third of the original thickness ofthe leather clad is reached. This will occur in approximately45 000 specimen revolutions.9.9 Position the grit removal exhaust nozzle and adjust t
44、hesettings of the adjustable-ratio transformer so that all grit willbe removed after passing under the rollers.9.10 Adjust the counter to zero and start the machine.9.11 When the prescribed number of specimen revolutionshave been reached, stop the machine, remove the specimen,clean with a filtered d
45、ry air blast, brush with the staticeliminator, and reweigh.10. Calculation and Report10.1 Report the resistance to abrasion for the number ofrevolutions employed using one or more of the followingequations:Volume loss, cm35W12 W2S(1)NOTE 1A vacuum-tight seal between the cover and jar is not required
46、.FIG. 2 Water TrapF 510 93 (2004)3where:W1= initial weight, g,W2= weight after abrasion g, andS = density of the material being abraded, g/cm3.or:Volume loss, mm3/100 revolutions 5cm33 1000total revolutions3 100 (2)10.2 The average loss in thickness can be calculated bydividing the loss in volume by
47、 the abraded area of thespecimen.11. Precision and Bias7NOTE 2For further information on the use of statistical methods, referto the appendix.11.1 Precision:11.1.1 The repeatability for smooth surfaces is 10 % for thistest.211.1.2 The reproducibility for smooth surfaces is 20 % forthis test.211.1.3
48、The repeatability and reproducibility for embossedsurfaces has not been established.11.2 BiasThis procedure for measuring resistance to abra-sion of resilient floor covering using an abrader with a grit feedhas no bias because the value of abrasion resistance can only bedefined in terms of a test me
49、thod.12. Keywords12.1 abrasion resistance; aluminum oxide; grit feed; resil-ient flooring; Taber abraserAPPENDIXX1. USE OF STATISTICAL METHODSX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 Variability or experimental error in each laboratoryis a factor that must be taken into consideration when runningany test method. The only acceptable way to deal with thesevariations is by the use of statistical methods. Statisticalmethods were used to evaluate the results of the original roundrobin and also to evaluate the results of the round robin thatestablished cast acrylic as the standar
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