1、Designation: F 510 93 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forResistance to Abrasion of Resilient Floor Coverings Usingan Abrader with a Grit Feed Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 510; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Sco
3、pe1.1 This test method2covers the laboratory procedure fordetermining the abrasion resistance of resilient flooring usingan abrader with a grit feeder.31.2 The equipment used in this test method is a modificationof the Taber abraser. The regular ceramic wheels are replacedby leather clad brass rolle
4、rs. A grit-feeding device feeds240-mesh aluminum oxide grit onto the specimen before itpasses under the leather clad rollers. Using the exhaust systemincorporated in the apparatus, the used grit and abradedmaterial are continuously removed after passing under bothrollers.1.3 This test method employs
5、 a rotary, rubbing actioncaused by the dual abrading wheels. One wheel rubs thespecimen from the center outward and the other from theoutside toward the center. The wheels traverse a completecircle and have an abrasive action on the rotating specimen atall angles. It is felt that this action approac
6、hes the twistingaction between shoe and floor that occurs when a person turns.The use of loose grit serves the function of an abradant and alsoaids in the rolling action felt to be characteristic of normalwalking.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associ
7、ated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D 1860 Test Method for Moisture and Creosote-Type Pre-serva
8、tive in Wood5D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or ProcessE 171 Specification for Atmospheres for Conditioning and
9、Testing Flexible Barrier Materials2.2 ANSI Standard:B74.12 Checking the Size of Abrasive Grain for GrindingWheels, Polishing, and General Industrial Uses63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasionof resilient floor coverings, a form of wear,in which a gradual removing of a flooring surface is caus
10、ed bythe frictional action of relatively fine hard particles.3.1.2 resistance to abrasionof resilient floor coverings,the ability of a material to withstand mechanical actions ofrelatively fine hard particles, which by rubbing, scraping, anderoding remove material from a floor covering surface.4. Si
11、gnificance and Use4.1 When subjected to normal in-use traffic conditions, aflooring material is exposed to abrasion caused by the destruc-tive action of fine hard particles. This situation occurs when-ever a particle-polluted intermediate layer exists between1This test method is under the jurisdicti
12、on ofASTM Committee F06 on ResilientFloor Coverings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F06.30 on TestMethods - Performance.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F 51093(2004).2This test meth
13、od is described by W. E. Irwin in “Development of a Method toMeasure Wear on Resilient Flooring,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol4,No.1, January 1976, pp. 1520.3This grit feed method is frequently referred to as the “Frick Grit Feed Method”because it is based on work done by Otto F. V. Frick
14、as described in “Studies of Wearon Flooring Materials,” Wear, Vol 14, 1969, pp. 119131.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summar
15、y page onthe ASTM website.5Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.6Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
16、ohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.traffic bodies (that is, shoes and a flooring surface). Undercontinuing exposure to an “abrasive action,” a flooring materialmay suffer a thickness loss sufficient to reduce its service life.4.2 Abrasion resistance measurements of resilient floorcoverings can be
17、 complicated since the resistance to abrasion isaffected by many factors. One of these is the physical proper-ties of the material in the floor covering surface, particularly itshardness and resilience. The type and degree of added sub-stances, such as fillers and pigments, can also affect abrasionr
18、esistance. It can also be affected by conditions of the test (forexample, the type and characteristics of the abradant and howit acts on the area of the specimen being abraded, including thedevelopment and dissipation of heat during the test cycle). Thesurface characteristics of the specimen, such a
19、s type, depth,and amount of embossing, can likewise affect the abrasionresistance of resilient floorings.4.3 This test method is designed to simulate one kind ofabrasive action and abradant that a flooring may encounter inthe field. However, results should not be used as an absoluteindex of ultimate
20、 life because, as noted, there are too manyfactors and interactions to consider.Also involved are the manydifferent types of service locations. Therefore, the data fromthis test method are of value chiefly in the development ofmaterials and should not be used without qualifications as abasis for com
21、mercial comparisons.5. Apparatus5.1 Apparatus,7as shown in Fig. 1, shall consist of thefollowing:5.1.1 Abraser,5.1.2 Feeder attachment, for the abraser.5.1.3 Leather-covered brass wheels7shall have a diameterof 1.75 in. (4.44 cm), and the width shall be 0.50 in. (1.27 cm);weight of the brass wheel s
22、hall be 5.11 oz (145 g). Width of theleather covering shall be 0.50 in. (1.27 cm), and the weight ofthe leather strip shall be 0.202 oz (5 g).5.1.4 Vacuum unit,7or equivalent, and a water trap asshown in Fig. 2. The purpose of the water trap is to protect thevacuum equipment motor, reduce the need t
23、o empty thevacuum bag frequently, and minimize readjustment of speed.The inlet pipe to the water trap should be far enough away fromthe water surface so that undue turbulence is avoided and waterdoes not enter the exhaust line.5.1.5 Speed control, or equivalent, for adjusting grit feedrate.5.2 Alumi
24、num Oxide Grit7240 grit, ANSI B74.12.5.3 Conditioning Room, providing the standard laboratoryatmosphere of 50 6 5 % relative humidity at a temperature of73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C) in accordance with SpecificationE 171.5.4 Equipment, for determining specific gravity.5.5 Analytical Balance, for weighing sp
25、ecimens to a preci-sion of 0.001 g.5.6 Die or Knife, for cutting specimens to designated size.5.7 Sieve, No. 80 (180 m).5.8 Oven, to dry grit by heating at 180F (82C).5.9 Static Eliminator Brush.6. Test Specimens6.1 The test specimen shall measure 4 6132 by 4 6132 in.(101.60 6 0.8 by 101.60 6 0.8 mm
26、). A14 6164-in. (6.25 60.4-mm) diameter hole is drilled through the precise center ofthe specimen to allow fastening to the specimen holder.6.2 The required number of specimens for each test shall beindicated in the material specification. If no number is given,four samples shall be taken from the m
27、aterial and onedetermination made on each. The average of the four orotherwise specified measurements shall be taken as the abra-sion loss for the material.7. Calibration and Standardization7.1 Adjust the abrader with the grit feeder for properoperation using cast acrylic sheet7as the standard mater
28、ial. Theequipment, when running properly, shall produce an averageweight loss of 127.5 6 10 mg for four specimens and 127.5 618 mg for an individual test at 2000 revolutions (Note 1).7The sole source of supply of the Part No. S-38, Taber model 530 or 5130abraser, and Model 155 grit feeder attachment
29、 (Part No. 0503-00-0155), andtop-grade belt leather (Part No. S-39) known to the committee at this time isTeledyne Taber Corp., 455 Bryant St., North Tonawanda, NY 14120. If you areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquar-ters. Your comments will receive caref
30、ul consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend.FIG. 1 Taber Abraser with Grit FeederF 510 93 (2008)2Operation of the equipment for calibration shall be as describedin Section 9, except that specific gravity will not need to bedetermined.NOTE 1If the desired
31、 weight loss is not obtained, check on thefollowing: grit feed rate, path of the grit, removal of the grit, condition ofthe leather on the wheels, free rotation of wheel bearings, specimenslippage, static charge effects, humidity control, faulty revolution counter,and weighing errors.8. Conditioning
32、8.1 For those tests where conditioning is required, conditionthe specimens at 73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C) and 50 6 5%relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to test inaccordance with Practice D 618.8.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in the standard labora-tory atmosphere of 73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C) and
33、50 6 5%relative humidity unless otherwise specified in the test method.9. Procedure9.1 Determine the specific gravity of the material to betested in accordance with standard analytical procedures, suchas Method A-1 or A-2 in Test Methods D 792. If the specimenas received is not homogeneous but posse
34、sses a surface thatdiffers from the body or core, determine the specific gravity ofthe surface alone. If abrasion is to be carried beyond thesurface of the body, also determine the specific gravity of thelatter and calculate and report the abrasion resistance of the twocomponents separately.9.2 Scre
35、en the grit through a U.S. Standard Sieve No. 80(180 m) and dry for1hat180F.9.3 Fill the grit reservoir with grit and swing the feeder outaway from the abrader.Allow the feeder to run for 15 to 20 minso that the apparatus comes to running temperature. Adjust therate of feed to 3506 50 mg per specime
36、n revolution. The feedrate may be measured by holding a tared petri dish under thenozzle of the grit feeder for 100 or more specimen revolutionsand weighing the amount of grit delivered. The feed rate maybe controlled by adjusting the motor speed. Shutdown timeshould be no more than 1 min to minimiz
37、e the effects ofcooling. If a shutdown in excess of 1 min occurs, allow thefeeder to run for 5 min and recheck the grit feed rate. It issuggested that the grit feed rate check be made after every thirdrun.9.4 When the specimens have been prepared and condi-tioned, brush with the static eliminator an
38、d record the initialvalues for weight to the nearest 0.001 g. Handle samples withcare to eliminate contact with moisture from the hands or otherenvironmental contact.9.5 Secure the specimen to the specimen disk. Somesamples, particularly those containing a foam layer, tend to slipon the rotating tab
39、le. Such slippage can be prevented bydrilling a hole through the washer under the holding screw intothe table and inserting a pin through a hole in the sample intothe table. This will prevent slippage of the sample and ensurethat the sample and table make the same number of revolu-tions. The circula
40、r clamp may be used, if needed, to keep thespecimen from lifting.9.6 Adjust the feeder nozzle so that it is no higher than14 in.(6.3 mm) above the specimen and so that the stream of gritdelivered will evenly cover the path covered by the rollers.This may be done by adjusting the set-screw located at
41、 the baseof the feeder and should be done prior to the start of the test.9.7 It is essential that the grit feed fall into the path of thewheels. The screws holding the grit feeder to the frame can beadjusted to move the feeder a small distance toward the frontor back of the abrader. This results in
42、a small radial movementof the point of grit feed. The correct location of the feeder canbe checked by collecting grit for one revolution on a calibrationplate containing concentric circles of various radii. The loca-tion of the grit pattern can then be compared with the wear pathrecorded on a poly(m
43、ethyl methacrylate)(PMMA) or othertransparent plate.9.8 Place the 1000-g weights provided with the apparatus oneach of the roller arms. Fasten the leather-covered rollers toeach arm and lower to the specimen surface. The leather rollersshould be replaced when one third of the original thickness ofNO
44、TE 1A vacuum-tight seal between the cover and jar is not required.FIG. 2 Water TrapF 510 93 (2008)3the leather clad is reached. This will occur in approximately45 000 specimen revolutions.9.9 Position the grit removal exhaust nozzle and adjust thesettings of the adjustable-ratio transformer so that
45、all grit willbe removed after passing under the rollers.9.10 Adjust the counter to zero and start the machine.9.11 When the prescribed number of specimen revolutionshave been reached, stop the machine, remove the specimen,clean with a filtered dry air blast, brush with the staticeliminator, and rewe
46、igh.10. Calculation and Report10.1 Report the resistance to abrasion for the number ofrevolutions employed using one or more of the followingequations:Volume loss, cm35W12 W2S(1)where:W1= initial weight, g,W2= weight after abrasion g, andS = density of the material being abraded, g/cm3.or:Volume los
47、s, mm3/100 revolutions 5cm33 1000total revolutions3 100 (2)10.2 The average loss in thickness can be calculated bydividing the loss in volume by the abraded area of thespecimen.11. Precision and Bias8NOTE 2For further information on the use of statistical methods, referto the appendix.11.1 Precision
48、:11.1.1 The repeatability for smooth surfaces is 10 % for thistest.211.1.2 The reproducibility for smooth surfaces is 20 % forthis test.211.1.3 The repeatability and reproducibility for embossedsurfaces has not been established.11.2 BiasThis procedure for measuring resistance to abra-sion of resilie
49、nt floor covering using an abrader with a grit feedhas no bias because the value of abrasion resistance can only bedefined in terms of a test method.12. Keywords12.1 abrasion resistance; aluminum oxide; grit feed; resil-ient flooring; Taber abraserAPPENDIXX1. USE OF STATISTICAL METHODSX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 Variability or experimental error in each laboratoryis a factor that must be taken into consideration when runningany test method. The only acceptable way to deal with thesevariations is by the use of statistical methods. Statisticalmethods were used to
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