1、Designation: F 685 96 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forDetermining Toner Usage, Efficiency, and Dusting NonheatFixing Copiers Using Single-Component Toner Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 685; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the determination of toner usage,efficie
3、ncy of toner deposition on an imaged copy, and dustingin those nonheat fixing copiers utilizing a single-componenttoner.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pr
4、iate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 8 and10.19.2 for specific precautions and warnings.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic ImagingF 875 Test Method for Evaluation of L
5、arge Area Densityand Background on Office Copiers2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Density Target Test Sheets33. Descriptions of Terms Specific to this Standard3.1 single-component toneralso described commerciallyas single-component developer.3.2 toner usageamount of toner (milligrams per copy)removed from the tone
6、r hopper during the copying process.3.3 effciencythe ratio of the weight of toner developed onthe image copy to the weight of the toner used.3.4 toner dustingloss of toner other than to the imagedcopies and therefore the difference between toner usage and theweight of the toner developed on the imag
7、ed copy. Dusting isusually found deposited either inside the copier componentssuch as cleaning subsystems and filters or surrounding thecopier externally, specifically the table top, wall, and so forth.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Afull roll or quantity of sheets together with a sample oftoner are both
8、 weighed and placed into a copier. Copies areimaged to a predetermined end point and weighed. Tonerusage, dusting, and copier efficiency are subsequently calcu-lated from values obtained from the imaged copy weights andinitial toner weights.5. Significance and Use5.1 Many dry electrostatic developer
9、s consist of toners andcarriers and only the toner portion of which forms the visibleimage on the copy. Single-component toner (or developer)does not contain a carrier, and in theory, when properly used,is consumed at a rate proportional to the image area anddensity. As with all dry developers, sing
10、le-component toners(or developers) are not 100 % efficient. Some toner is lost tothe surroundings (inside or outside of the copiers). This loss isalso dependent on copier adjustments and may be significantenough to affect the total number of copies capable of beingproduced by a specific amount of to
11、ner.6. Apparatus6.1 Balance,4capable of a precision of 60.1 g and readableto 0.1 g.6.2 Model Copier, operated in accordance with the manu-facturers instructions.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 A supply of specified type or lot of appropriate papersufficient to complete the test.7.2 A supply of recommen
12、ded type or lot of dry single-component toner sufficient to complete the test.7.3 A black target larger than the size of the test target theuser elects to use.8. Precautions8.1 This procedure is not applicable to those single compo-nent toner copiers utilizing either heat or a combination ofpressure
13、 and heat fixing methods because of the possibleweight loss of the paper due to the heat fixing.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved
14、 June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 685 96 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, ref
15、er to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJF0875.4A Mettler P5N balance (or equivalent alternative) has been found acceptableand has a reported precision of 60.05 g.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
16、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8.2 If any jams or paper roll splices are encountered duringthis procedure, the test should be discontinued and repeated.8.3 During this procedure, all copier conditions, specificallyline voltage, should be held constant.8.4 The user
17、 should be aware that variables such as relativehumidity, supplies (between lots, within lots, or manufacturersof), copiers, or the interaction of the variables can alter the finalresults.9. Calibration and Standardization9.1 All supplies to be utilized should be preconditioned tothe Technical Assoc
18、iation of the Pulp and Paper Industry(TAPPI) conditions of 23.0 6 1.0C and 50.0 6 2.0 % relativehumidity for 24 h prior to evaluation. Evaluate this test underthose same conditions.10. Procedure10.1 Clean the copier and empty the toner from the tonerhopper by any suitable means.10.2 Remove any resid
19、ual toner within the copier, load thecopier with the appropriate paper, and copy the black test targetuntil the imaged copies are substantially free of toner.10.3 Distribute a weighed sample of toner (40 to 50 6 0.1g) in the hopper. If the mechanics of the copier permit, coverthe hopper with an appr
20、opriately cut sheet (or equivalent).Record the weight of the toner. Note the amount (height) oftoner in the hopper as this influences the results.10.4 Place or insert a suitable test target (configuration isleft to the discretion of the evaluator, refer to Note 1) into thecopier and image several co
21、pies. Set the exposure dial for theoptimum copy (the best possible contrast between the back-ground and image). The area of image coverage must beconstant for comparable results.NOTE 1The Test Method F 875 adjunct/Test Target for Office Copiersis available.310.5 Image a number of copies until the co
22、pies start to showcopy image deterioration due to the initial exhaustion of thetoner (the images will start to be broken up or incompletelyreproduced). Record the number of copies. All copies shouldbe of the same length and width throughout this test.10.6 Image the black test target until the imaged
23、 copies aresubstantially free of toner. In some copiers this may appear asa background-free area in the center of the imaged copy withtoner deposits along the edge of the copy running in themachine direction. (This end point requires some judgment andmay vary from one copier type to another.)10.7 Re
24、move the paper supply from the copier and weigh to60.1 g the TAPPI conditioned paper. Record this weight as W1.NOTE 2A variance of 60.1 g is based on the paper supply weighingat least 1000 g. The weight limit of the Mettler P5N balance is 6000 gmaximum.10.8 Weigh a sample of dry single-component ton
25、er to60.1 g approximately equal to the amount weighed in 10.3 anddistribute this weighed sample equally in the hopper. Recordthis weight as W2.NOTE 3The user may wish to alter the recommended toner weightsample to suit his test requirements.10.9 Set the exposure dial for the optimum copy (as foundin
26、 10.4) and insert or place the same test target as used in 10.4into the copier.10.10 Load the conditioned paper supply into the copier.10.11 Image a number N of copies. N should approach butnot exceed the number of copies required to show copy defectsdue to the exhaustion of toner (refer to 10.5). R
27、emove the papersupply from the copier.10.12 Weigh all N copies plus the remainder of the papersupply just removed from the copier. Record the weight as W3.10.13 Calculate the weight of toner W4on N copies by:W45 W32 W1(1)10.14 Remove N copies from the balance and weigh theremainder of the paper and
28、record as W5. Count the number ofN copies and record.10.15 Return the paper to the copier and image the blacktest target until the same endpoint is reached as found in 10.6.Record the copies required to do this as N8. Remove theremaining paper from the copier.10.16 Weigh the copies from 10.15 plus t
29、he remainingpaper. Record as weight W6.10.17 Calculate the weight of toner W7on the copiesobtained from 10.15 by:W75 W62 W5(2)10.18 Calculate the total weight of toner W8put on allimaged copies by:W85 W71 W4(3)10.19 Since passage of the paper through the copier maycause a weight change due to a gain
30、 or loss of moisture, a blankdetermination should be carried out as described in thefollowing:10.19.1 Weigh the unimaged paper from 10.16 and recordthe weight as W10. This paper supply should contain enoughpaper to yield approximately 200 copies.10.19.2 Empty the toner hopper and disconnect the coro
31、na.(WarningUnplug the machine first.)10.19.3 Using an all-white original, process approximately200 copies through the completely clean copier. Count thenumber of copies made and record as n.10.19.4 Weigh the copies and the remainder of the unim-aged paper and record this weight as W11.10.19.5 Calcul
32、ate the paper weight change per copy (W12)by the following:W125 W102 W11!/n (4)11. Calculation11.1 Effciency:E 5 W81 N 1 N8!W12!/W2(5)Refer to 10.15 for N8.F 685 96 (2006)211.2 Toner Usage or Consumption:U 5 W41 NW12!/NE (6)Refer to 10.14 for N.11.3 Toner Dusting:D 5 U1$ E! (7)12. Report12.1 Report
33、all test conditions (temperature and humidity),toner and paper lot number designations if available, and allmeasured and calculated weights. The report must include thetarget used.13. Keywords13.1 development efficiency; non-heat fixing; single-component toner; toner dusting; toner usageASTM Interna
34、tional takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely th
35、eir own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should
36、 be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standa
37、rds, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 685 96 (2006)3
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