1、Designation: F735 11F735 17Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Transparent Plastics and CoatingsUsing the Oscillating Sand Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F735; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method determines the resistance of transparent plastics and transparent coat
3、ings utilized in windows or viewingports, to surface abrasion using oscillating sand.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 ExceptionThe inch-pound units in parentheses are provided for information only.1.3
4、This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.4 This internationa
5、l standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2
6、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse AggregatesD618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent PlasticsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
7、E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The test method consists of measuring and recording the haze and light transmission of a test specim
8、en, mounting thespecimen so that it forms part of the bottom tray (sand cradle), covering the specimen with abrading media, and subjecting thecradle to a specific number of oscillations. After exposure to the abrasion, the haze and light transmission are remeasured todetermine any change in these va
9、lues.3.2 At the stroke velocity specified in this practice, test method, the entire mass of sand shifts significantly within the sand cradlebecause of its inertia; therefore the relative motion between sand and specimen at the interface is large.3.3 The thickness or height of the sand resting on top
10、 of the test specimen remains relatively constant during the motion of thecradle. Therefore, the average pressure of the sand also remains constant, giving highly reproducible results over the entire surfaceof the test specimen.3.4 The degree of abrasion is measured by the amount of change in lumino
11、us transmission and haze after exposure to the test.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F07 on Aerospace and Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F07.08 on TransparentEnclosures and Materials.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011June 1, 2017. Published
12、 January 2012July 2017. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 asF735 06.F735 11. DOI: 10.1520/F0735-11.10.1520/F0735-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM S
13、tandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possi
14、ble to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopy
15、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 Plastic materials, when used as transparencies, covers, or enclosures, are subject to wiping, cleaning, or other types ofrubbing actions that cause abrasion. It is
16、 the intent of this test method to provide a means of estimating the resistance of suchmaterials to this type and degree of abrasion.5. Apparatus5.1 AbraderThe abrader consists of a specimen holder, sand cradle, drive mechanism, variable power supply and counter. Onesuch example is shown in Fig. 1.5
17、.1.1 The specimen holder shall have a cutout approximately 100 by 100 mm (4 by 4 in.) to receive the specimen. Alternativespecimen holders can be used to test other couponspecimen sizes as long as they can be used within the testing limitations definedin this specification. The specimen shall be mou
18、nted flush to within 1 mm (0.04 in.) high with the specimen holder.test method.5.1.2 The specimen holder forms the bottom of the sand cradle.5.1.3 Sufficient abradent will be used to fill the sand cradle 13-mm (0.50 in.) above the sample surface.The sand cradle shallbe approximately 250 250 50 mm (1
19、0 10 2 in.), with the sides set at an angle of 60.5.1.4 Adrive mechanism shall provide 300 strokes per minute of reciprocating motion of approximately 100-mm (4-in.) travel.Motion in one direction is defined as one stroke. One forward stroke and one reverse stroke isare defined as oneoscillation.osc
20、illation or cycle.5.1.5 A variable power supply shall be utilized to control the abrader motor to operate at 300 strokes per minute.5.1.5 A counter shall record the number of strokes (or cycles) during a test.5.2 PhotometerAn integrating sphere photoelectric photometer, described in Test Method D100
21、3, shall be used to measure thelight scattered by the abraded surface.light transmission (LT) and haze.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Abrading MediumQuartz Sand3The sand shall be quartz silica, graded 4/10,6/9, and shall meet the followingrequirements:6.1.1 PropertiesSee Table 1.6.1.1 Test Methods: Pr
22、operties (typical)NOTE 1These tests need be applied only when qualifying a new supply of sand.See Table 1 for sieve analysis percent retained.NOTE 1The use of quartz silica sand 6/12 or 4/10 specified in previous versions of this test method can still be used if available. See Appendix X1for additio
23、nal details6.1.2.1 Perform sieve analysis in accordance with Test Method C136.6.1.2.2 Plot the cumulative percent retained, on logarithmic probability paper.6.1.2.3 Read from the plot the sizes in millimetres at 40, 50, and 90 % retained.6.1.2.4 Calculate the uniformity coefficient as the ratio (mil
24、limetres at 40 %millimetres at 90 %).6.1.2.5 Count out 100 grains, taking care to be nonselective, and weigh to 6 10 mg.3 The sole source of supply of the sand known to the committee at this time is Oglebay Norton Industrial Sands, Premier Silica LLC, Brady, TX 76825. If you are awareof alternative
25、suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1 which you may attend.FIG. 1 Oscillating Sand AbraderF735 1726.1.2.6 Calculate the shape factor asweight of 100 particles!
26、265 millimetres at 50%retained! 3 (1)NOTE 2There are many conflicting definitions of shape factor.4 The definition given in 6.1.2.6 is arbitrary and not comparable with any others, exceptthat for a single quartz sphere it has the usual value of 0.524 (pi/6).7. Test Specimens7.1 The specimens shall b
27、e clean, transparent plates, 100-mm (4-in.) square, having both sides substantially plane and parallel,unless otherwise specified and defined in 5.1.1. Three specimens shall be tested. Any specimen thickness can be utilized whenpositioned in the specimen holder to conform toprovided the specimen is
28、flush with the specimen holder when mounted (see 9.2the).NOTE 2A protective backing material may be applied to the unabraded side of the specimen to prevent scratching during testing and handling. Priorto measuring light transmission and haze, remove the backing material and clean the specimen thoro
29、ughly according to 9.4.1.mounting tolerances.8. Conditioning8.1 Where conditioning of the test specimen is required, utilize Procedure A of Practice D618.8.2 Tests shall be conducted in the Standard Laboratory Atmosphere of 23 6 2C and 50 6 5 % relative humidity, unlessotherwise specified.9. Procedu
30、re9.1 Calibrate motor speed to 300 strokes per minute with the specimen Prior to testing, clean the specimen using the proceduredescribed in 9.4.1the specimen holder plate and the desired quantity of sand in the cradle Measure the specimens initial averagetransmission and haze in accordance with 9.5
31、Sand used for calibration shall be discarded9.2 Prior to testing, measure the specimens transmission and haze in accordance with 9.7.9.2 Mount athe specimen in the holding platespecimen holder using a protective means (such as masking) to prevent abrasionor scratching of masking tape) to secure in p
32、lace and prevent sand from damaging the specimens bottom surface. The specimenshall be mounted flush to within 61 mm (0.04 in.) of the specimen holder.9.3 Cover Fill the sand cradle and cover specimen with sand to a uniform depth of 13 mm (0.50 in.).NOTE 3For a sand cradle 10 in. 10 in., 800 mL of s
33、and has been found to be sufficient to obtain a uniform depth of 13 mm (0.50 in.).9.3.1 A given batch of sand may be used for a maximum of 600 strokes. strokes (300 cycles). New sand shall be used for eachspecimen tested.9.5 Subject the specimen to 100, 200, 300, and 600 strokes.TABLE 1 PropertiesE1
34、1 Sieve Designation Mean % onSieveStandard De-viation, %Cululative %Retained, MeanU.S. No mm4 4.75 0 06 3.35 7.6 7.67 2.8 22.3 29.98 2.36 45.1 75.010 2.00 21.9 96.912 1.70 2.6 99.5Pan . 0.5 100.0TABLE 1 PropertiesE11 Sieve Designation Individual % WeightRetainedU.S. No. mm5 4.00 0 76 3.36 2 117 2.83
35、 15 258 2.38 30 5010 2.00 20 4012 1.68 1 7Pan . 1 5APhysicalAnalysis: Roundness 0.6+; Sphericity 0.6+; Hardness 7.0; S.G. 2.65,Loss on Ignition 0.1; MP 2800/3100; Color Tan/White; pH 6.9-7.0.NeutralTypical 7.0.Chemical Content (%); SiO2 99.48; Fe2O3 0.06; Al2O3 0.21; MgO 0.01; CaO 0.01; 0.01; and Ti
36、O2 0.01.F735 1739.4 After each increment (as listed in section Subject 9.5) of strokes, remove the specimen from the holder. Handle specimenby edges only. Wash with distilled water for a minimum of 10 s by holding under a stream or by swirling under water in a container.Dry by blowing lightly with f
37、iltered air or nitrogen. Alternative acceptable cleaning methods can be used if agreed upon with thecustomer. Measure the transmission and haze in accordance with sectionthe specimen to 100, 200, 300, and 600 strokes (50, 100,150, 9.7.and 300 cycles).9.4.1 After each increment (as listed in section
38、9.4) of strokes, remove the specimen from the holder. Handle specimen by edgesonly. Wash both sides of the specimen with 50:50 IPA / distilled water and a clean rymple cloth. Soak the cloth first, and then usea linear motion to wipe the test specimen; first wipe the specimen vertically, then wipe th
39、e specimen horizontally, and as a finalstep wipe the edges. Dry by blowing lightly with filtered air or nitrogen. Alternative acceptable cleaning methods can be used ifagreed between the interested parties.9.4.2 2 Measure the transmission and haze in accordance with section 9.5.9.5 Using a photoelec
40、tric, integrating sphere photometer and Test Method D1003, measure the percentage of transmitted lightand percent of haze.haze in three different locations on the specimen. The abraded side of the specimen shall be placed againstthe entrance port of the integrating sphere of the hazemeter (facing aw
41、ay from the light source). Report as the average.9.6 Subtract the initial light transmittance (haze) percentage of the unabraded specimen determined by 9.1 from the lighttransmittance (haze) percentage of the unabraded specimen as measured by 9.4.2. The difference represents the light scatterresulti
42、ng from abrading the specimen.10. Report10.1 The report shall include the following:10.1.1 Type of material being tested,10.1.2 The percentage of the transmitted light and percent haze for each specimen tested, both before and after exposure toabrasion of 100, 200, 300, and 600 strokes, and(50, 100,
43、 150, and 300 cycles), along with the change in transmitted light and haze,10.1.3 Test results shall be reported as the average of the three specimens tested.tested, and10.1.4 Abrading medium, if different than specified in 6.1.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionNo justifiable statement can be made
44、 on the precision of the procedure The precision of this test method isbased on an interlaboratory study of F735, Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Transparent Plastics and CoatingsUsing the Oscillating Sand Method, conducted in 2016. Four laboratories participated in this study. Each
45、of the four labs reportedfour replicate test results for three different transparent plastics, each determined after four different cycle counts. Every “testresult” reported represents an individual determination. Except for the use of only four laboratories, Practice E691in Test Methodwas followed
46、for the design and analysis of the data; the details are given in ASTM Research F735 for measuring Report No.F07-1010.abrasion,4because no standard material has been designated.11.1.1 Repeatability (r)The difference between repetitive results obtained by the same operator in a given laboratory apply
47、ingthe same test method with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test material within short intervalsof time would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test method, exceed the following values only in one casein 20.11.1.1.1 Repeatability can be
48、interpreted as the maximum difference between two results, obtained under repeatabilityconditions, that is accepted as plausible due to random causes under normal and correct operation of the test method.11.1.1.2 Repeatability limits are listed in Tables 2-9.11.1.2 Reproducibility (R)The difference
49、between two single and independent results obtained by different operators applyingthe same test method in different laboratories using different apparatus on identical test material would, in the long run, in thenormal and correct operation of the test method, exceed the following values only in one case in 20.11.1.2.1 Reproducibility can be interpreted as the maximum difference between two results, obtained under reproducibilityconditions, that is accepted as plausible due to random causes under normal and correct operation of
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