ASTM F818-1993(2003) Standard Terminology Relating to Spill Response Barriers《与漏洒油治理用阻挡层相关的术语》.pdf

1、Designation: F 818 93 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Terminology Relating toSpill Response Barriers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 818; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This document defines the terminology used in the fieldof spill response barriers. Only those terms commonly used orpeculiar to this f

3、ield have been included; no attempt has beenmade to list all terms used. Where a second term is in commonuse, “aka” is used to mean “also known as.”1.2 Design, engineering, and performance terms are listedseparately: barrier design terminology (3.1), barrier engineer-ing terminology (3.2), and barri

4、er performance terminology(3.3).2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 625 Practice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill Con-trol Systems3. Terminology3.1 Barrier Design TerminologyTerms associated withSpill Response Barrier Design:Generalboomfloating mechanical barrier used to control the m

5、ove-ment of substances that float.boom sectionlength of boom between two end connectors.boom segmentrepetitive identical portion of the boomsection.Typesair bubble barrierspecial-purpose barrier created by risingstream of air bubbles and entrained water, produced byinjecting air at some depth below

6、water surface.bottom-tension boomboom with tension member locatedalong the bottom of the skirt.calm water boomboom intended for use in calm waters (seePractice F 625 for environmental descripters).“curtain type” boomboom consisting of a flexible skirtsupported by flotation.“fence type” boomboom cons

7、isting of a self-supporting orstiffened membrane supported by flotation.fire resistant boom (aka fire containment boom)boomintended for containment of burning oil slicks.ice boomboom intended for use in ice-infested waters,designed to withstand effects of ice contact.inflatable boomboom that uses in

8、flated gas-filled chambersas the boomspecial purpose boom in which all or part of themembrane material is netting.open water boomboom intended for use in open waters (seePractice F 625 for environmental descripters).permanent boomboom intended for long-term or perma-nent deployment.plunging water j

9、et barrierspecial purpose barrier createdby a series of coherent streams of water directed verticallydownward into a body of water.protected water boomboom intended for use in protectedwaters with moderate environmental conditions (see PracticeF 625 for environmental descripters).river boom (aka fas

10、t water boom)boom intended for use incurrents greater than 1 knot.shore seal boomboom that, when grounded, seals againstthe shoreline.silt barrierboom with very deep skirt used to control themovement of suspended sediments.sorbent boomsorbent material contained or arranged in theform of a long cylin

11、der.special purpose boomboom that departs from the generalcharacteristics of “fence type” and “curtain type” booms,either in design or intended use.submersible boomboom that normally resides on the seabedand is positioned by inflating with air, causing it to rise to thewater surface.water jet barrie

12、rbarrier created by stream of pressurizedwater spray directed across the water surface.weir boom (aka skimming boom/barrier)boom that has aweir skimming device(s) built into its face.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 onHazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and i

13、s the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F20.11 on Control. Current edition approved May 15, 1993.Published July 1993. Originally published as F 818 84. Last previous editionF 818 86.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceast

14、m.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Componentsaccessoriesoptional mechanical devices used on or i

15、n con-junction with a boom system but not included with the basicboom and end connector; for example, lights, paravanes,drogues, buoys, anchor systems, storage bags, boxes or reels,bulkhead connectors or repair kits, and so forth.anchor pointstructural point on the end connector or alongthe length o

16、f a boom section designed for the attachment ofanchor or mooring lines.ancillary equipmentmechanical devices essential to theoperation of a given boom system; for example, air pumps,hydraulic power supplies, control manifolds, and so forth.ballastweight applied to the skirt to improve boom perfor-ma

17、nce.bridledevice attached to a boom to distribute the loadexerted by towing or anchoring the boom.buoyancy chamber (aka flotation chamber)enclosed com-partment of air or other buoyant material providing flotationfor the boom.end connectordevice permanently attached to the boomused for joining boom s

18、ections to one aother or to otheraccessory devices.external flotation (aka outboard flotation)flotation ele-ment located external to the boom membrane.external tensionexternal tension member separated from theboom membrane by bridles.finportion of the boom membrane above the float.floatseparable com

19、ponent of a boom that provides buoy-ancy.flotationportion of a boom that provides buoyancy.handholdany strap, handle, depression, or other provisionfor grasping the boom by hand.hingelocation between boom segments at which the boomcan be folded back 180 upon itself.internal flotationflotation elemen

20、t located within the boommembrane.lifting pointstructural point on the end connector or alongthe length of a boom section designed for the attachment ofa lifting device, such as a crane.membranecontinuous portion of a boom that serves as abarrier to the movement of a substance.pressure inflatedinfla

21、table boom that requires pressurizedgas for its flotation.self-inflatingboom that automatically inflates as it is de-ployed.skirtcontinuous portion of the boom below the floats.solid flotationboom that uses solid buoyant material for theflotation element.stiffenercomponent that provides support to t

22、he membrane.tension memberany component that carries horizontal(axial) tension loads imposed upon the boom.Characteristicsboom weightdry weight of a fully assembled boom sectionincluding end pactibilitymeasure of a booms storage volume per unitlength (m3/m).draftminimum vertical depth of the membran

23、e below thewater line.freeboardminimum vertical height of the boom above thewaterline.heightsum of draft and freeboard.maximum draftmaximum vertical dimension of the boombelow the water line.overall heightmaximum vertical dimension of boom.3.2 Barrier Engineering TerminologyTerms associatedwith Spil

24、l Barrier Engineering:catenary drag forceload imposed on a boom, deployed in acatenary configuration, resulting from towing, current,and/or wind forces.current responsechange in freeboard or draft due to currentforces acting to displace the boom from rest.gross buoyancyweight of fresh water displace

25、d by a boomtotally submerged.gross buoyancy to weight ratiogross buoyancy divided byboom weight.heave responseability of the boom to react to the verticalmotion of the water surface.maximum dynamic loadsum of all instantaneous dynamicloads including those due to acceleration, wave forces, andso fort

26、h.reserve buoyancygross buoyancy minus boom weight.reserve buoyancy to weight ratioreserve buoyancy dividedby boom weight.roll responserotation of the boom from rest due to wave,wind, or current forces.straight line drag forcesload on a boom that results fromtowing it from one end.wind responsechang

27、e in freeboard or draft due to windforce acting to displace the boom from rest.3.3 Barrier Performance TerminologyTerms associatedwith Spill Response Barrier Performance:apex (aka pocket)pocket formed at the downstream end ofa U, V, J, or W shaped configuration.boom planingheeling over of a boom and

28、 loss of draft.boom submergence (aka submarining)containment failuredue to loss of freeboard.bridging failureportions of a boom emerging from thewater due to poor wave conformance, with resulting con-tainment failure.catenary configuration (aka “U,” “J” configuration)booming configuration formed by

29、towing or anchoring eachend of a length of boom, resulting in a characteristic“ U” or“J” shape.cascading boomsbooming configuration formed by posi-tioning two or more booms in a deflection mode such thatsuccessive booms progressively move oil to the desired area.chevron configurationbooming configur

30、ation used in nar-row watercourses, formed by positioning two lengths ofboom in a deflection mode, the leading end of each length isF 818 93 (2003)2positioned in the middle of the watercourse and the trailingends lead to opposite shores.conformanceability of a boom to maintain freeboard anddraft whe

31、n subjected to a given set of environmentalconditions.containment modeplacement of a boom to prevent freemovement of a floating substance.deploymentplacing a boom in the water and making itoperational.diversion modeplacement of a boom to redirect the move-ment of a floating substance.drainage lossoi

32、l accumulating and pooling against the boomskirt and escaping with the flow of water down and along theskirt.entrainment lossoil droplets escaping with the flow of waterdiverted under the skirt.exclusion boomingplacement of a boom to protect an areafrom the entry of a floating substance.first-loss t

33、ow/current velocityminimum tow/current veloc-ity normal to the membrane at which oil escapes past aboom.gap ratiosweep width divided by boom length.loss raterate at which oil is lost past a boom (m3/h).performanceability of a boom to contain or deflect oil undera given set of environmental condition

34、s.retrievalremoving a deployed boom from the water.splashoveroil splashing over a booms freeboard.stabilityresistance to overturning moment.sweep width (aka swath)width intercepted by a boom incollection mode, the projected distance between the ends ofa boom deployed in a “U,” “V,” or “J” configurat

35、ion.sweeping modemovement of a boom relative to the waterfor the purpose of controlling or collecting a floatingsubstance.towingtransporting a boom from one place to another bypulling from one end.vortex lossoil escaping past a boom due to drainage vorticesproduced at the boom.“J” configurationboom

36、positioned in a “J” shape.“U” configuration (aka catenary configuration)boom po-sitioned in a “U” shape.“V” configurationboom positioned in a “V” shape.“W” configuration (aka “3” configuration)boom posi-tioned in a “W” shape.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent

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39、 will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by

40、 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 818 93 (2003)3