1、Designation: F914/F914M 10F914/F914M 14Standard Test Method forAcoustic Emission for Aerial Personnel Devices WithoutSupplemental Load Handling Attachments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F914/F914M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a procedure for non-destructive testing us
3、ing acoustic emission (AE) testing for aerial personneldevices, which do not have a supplemental load handling attachment.1.1.1 Equipment CoveredThis test method covers the following types of vehicle-mounted insulated aerial personnel devices:1.1.1.1 Extensible boom aerial personnel devices,1.1.1.2
4、Articulating boom aerial personnel devices, and1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2.1.1.2 Equipment Not CoveredThis test method does not cover any of the following equipment:1.1.2.1 Material-handling aerial devices,1.1.2.2 Digger-derricks with platform, and1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform.1.2
5、TheAE test method is used to detect and area-locate emission sources. Verification of emission sources may require the useof other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such as radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and visualinspection. WarningThis test method requires that ext
6、ernal loads be applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test.During the test, caution must be taken to safeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failure or instability of the vehicleor components.NOTE 1This test method is not intended to be a stand alone NDT method for the verif
7、ication of the structural integrity of an aerial device. Other NDTmethods should be used to supplement the results.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each sys
8、tem shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establ
9、ish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact TestingE164 Practice for Contact Ultrasonic
10、 Testing of WeldmentsE569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled StimulationE610 Terminology Relating to Acoustic Emission (Withdrawn 1991)3E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission SensorsE750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumenta
11、tionE976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF18.55 on Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Metho
12、ds for Aerial Devices.Current edition approved April 1, 2010April 1, 2014. Published May 2010April 2014. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20032010 asF914 03.F914/F914M 10. DOI: 10.1520/F0914-10.10.1520/F0914_F0914M-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM websit
13、e, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is
14、 not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropr
15、iate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1417/E1417M Practice for Liquid Penetrant TestingE1444/E1444M P
16、ractice for Magnetic Particle TestingF2174 Practice for Verifying Acoustic Emission Sensor Response2.2 ANSI Standard:ANSI A92.2 Standard for Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Aerial Devices42.3 ASNT Standard:ASNT Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acoustic emissi
17、on (AE)the class of phenomena whereby elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy froma localized source or sources within a material, or the transient elastic wave(s) so generated.Acoustic emission is the recommendedterm for general use. Other terms that have been used in AE literatu
18、re include stress wave emission, microseismic activity, andemission or acoustic emission with other qualifying modifiers.3.1.2 aerial personnel deviceany device extensible, articulating, or both, that is designed to position personnel.3.1.3 amplitude (acoustic emission signal amplitude)the peak volt
19、age of the largest excursion attained by the signal waveform from an emission event.3.1.4 amplitude distributiona display of the number of acoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitraryamplitude as a function of amplitude.3.1.5 articulating-boom aerial devicean aerial device with two
20、 or more hinged boom sections.3.1.6 attenuationloss of energy per unit distance.3.1.7 channelan input to the main AE instrument that accepts a preamplifier output.3.1.8 commonedtwo or more sensors interconnected such that the sensor outputs are electronically processed by a singlechannel without dif
21、ferentiation of sensor origin. (Synonym “teed”.)3.1.9 count (acoustic emission count), nthe number of times the acoustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a preset thresholdduring any selected portion of a test.3.1.10 decibel (dB)logarithmic expression of a ratio of two single peak amplitudes. A ref
22、erence scale expresses thelogarithmic ratio of a single peak amplitude to a fixed reference amplitude.Signal peak amplitude dB!520 log10 A1/A0!where:A0 = I V at the sensor output (before amplification), andA1 = peak voltage of the measured acoustic emission signal.Acoustic Emission Reference ScaledB
23、 ValueVoltage atSensor OutputVoltage at Integral PreampSensor Output (40 dB gain)0 1 V 100 V20 10 V 1 mV40 100 V 10 mV60 1 mV 100 mV80 10 mV 1 V100 100 mV 10 V3.1.11 event (acoustic emission event).a local material change giving rise to acoustic emission.3.1.12 event count (Ne)the number obtained by
24、 counting each discerned acoustic emission event once.3.1.13 extensible-boom aerial devicean aerial device, except the aerial ladder type, with a telescopic or extensible boom.3.1.14 first-hita mode of operation of AE monitoring equipment in which an event occurring on one channel will prevent allot
25、her channels from processing data for a specified period of time. The channel with a sensor closest to the physical location ofthe emission source will then be the only channel processing data from that source.3.1.15 insulated aerial devicean aerial device designed with dielectric components to meet
26、 a specific electrical insulationrating.3.1.16 insulatorany part of an aerial device such as, but not limited to, the upper boom, lower boom or supporting structure,made of a material having a high dielectric strength, usually FRP or the equivalent.3.1.17 noiseany undesired signal that tends to inte
27、rfere with the normal reception or processing of the desired signal.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln.
28、, Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.F914/F914M 1423.1.18 non-destructive testingthe examination by various means of devices and their components without alteration of theoriginal components, so that they may function as before.3.1.19 non-overcenterthe feature of an aerial device where the
29、upper boom cannot travel past vertical orientation with respectto the ground.3.1.20 overcenterthe feature of an aerial device where the upper boom travels past vertical orientation with respect to theground.3.1.21 qualified personnelpersonnel who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, p
30、rofessional standing, or skill, andwho, by knowledge, training, and experience, have demonstrated the ability to deal with problems relating to the subject matter,the work, or the project.3.1.22 signal (emission signal)a signal obtained by detection of one or more acoustic emission events.3.1.23 For
31、 definitions of other terms in this test method, refer to Terminology E610.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard (see Figs. 1 and 2):3.2.1 elbowthe structure connecting the upper boom to the lower boom, about which one articulates relative to the other.3.2.2 elbow pinthe horizontal pin
32、about which the upper boom rotates relative to the lower boom.3.2.3 lift cylinderThe hydraulic cylinder that lifts the lower boom and the extensible boom(s).3.2.4 lower boomthe structural member, attached to a turntable or base, that supports the upper boom.3.2.5 lower boom cylinderthe hydraulic cyl
33、inder that articulates the lower boom.3.2.6 lower boom insulatorthe part of the lower boom made of high dielectric strength material (usually fiberglass reinforcedplastic or equivalent).3.2.7 lower boom pinthe horizontal pin about which the lower boom is raised and lowered relative to the turntable.
34、3.2.8 outriggersthe structural members that, when properly extended or deployed on firm ground, assist in stabilizing thevehicle on which the aerial device is mounted.3.2.9 pedestalthe stationary base of the aerial device that supports the turntable.FIG. 1 Articulating Aerial Device Nomenclature Dia
35、gramF914/F914M 1433.2.10 platformthe personnel-carrying component of an aerial device, such as a bucket, basket, stand, or equivalent.3.2.11 platform pinthe horizontal pin about which the platform rotates relative to the upper boom.3.2.12 rated platform capacityThe maximum load as stated by the manu
36、facturer for which an aerial device is designed tooperate, consisting of the combined weight of the personnel and all items carried on or in the platform.3.2.13 stabilizersa means to assist in stabilizing the vehicle, such as outriggers, torsion bars, and spring lockouts.3.2.14 supplemental load-han
37、dling attachment (Jib)a device(s) affixed to the upper-boom tip area which is designed to lift andor position materials.3.2.15 turntablethe rotating base of the aerial device that supports the booms.3.2.16 upper boomthe structural member, attached to the lower boom, that supports the platform.3.2.17
38、 upper boom cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder that articulates the upper boom.3.2.18 upper boom drive mechanismmeans, such as linkage, cables, sheaves and gears, used to produce upper boomarticulation.3.2.19 upper boom tipthe end of the upper boom to which the platform is attached.4. Summary of Test Me
39、thod4.1 This test method consists of applying a predetermined load to an aerial personnel device while it is being monitored bysensors that are sensitive to acoustic emissions (AE) caused by active defects. These acoustic emmissions can be generated by, butare not limited to, the following: crack nu
40、cleation movement or propagation in the metal components; or matrix crazing,de-lamination or fiber breakage of the fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) material; or both.4.2 The aerial personnel device is loaded at a uniform rate until a predetermined load is reached, which is held for a period oftim
41、e. The load is removed and the cycle is repeated. Acoustic emissions are monitored during both cycles and the data areevaluated.FIG. 2 Extensible Aerial Device Nomenclature DiagramF914/F914M 1444.3 The test load used during an acoustic emission test on an aerial personnel device shall be two times t
42、he rated platformcapacity.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating acoustic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy from localizedsources within an aerial personnel device under controlled loading. The resultant energy releases occur during intentionalapp
43、lication of a controlled predetermined load. These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals.5.2 This test method permits testing of the major components of an aerial personnel device under controlled loading. This testmethod utilizes objective criteria for evaluation
44、 and may be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular area of concernor prevent a fault from continuing to ultimate failure.5.3 This test method provides a means of detecting acoustic emission sources that may be defects or irregularities, or both,affecting the structural integrity or int
45、ended use of the aerial personnel device.5.4 Sources of acoustic emission found with this test method shall be evaluated by either more refined acoustic emission testmethods or other nondestructive techniques (visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, etc.). Othernondest
46、ructive tests may be required to locate defects present in aerial personnel devices.5.5 Defective areas found in aerial personnel devices by this test method should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repairprocedure recommendations are outside the scope of this test method.6. Personnel Qualifi
47、cations6.1 This test method shall be performed by qualified personnel. Qualification shall be in accordance with an established writtenprogram, consistent with the established format of ASNT SNT-TC-IA for training, qualification, and certification of personnel forconducting AE testing of aerial pers
48、onnel devices.NOTE 2Personnel performing subsequent nondestructive evaluation (visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, etc.) on aerialdevices shall be certified in accordance with ASNT SNT-TC-IA guidelines.6.2 Acoustic emission test personnel shall be familiar with the
49、design, manufacture, and operation of aerial personnel devices.Relevant information is contained in ANSI A92.2 and manufacturers operating and service manuals.7. Acoustic Emission Instrumentation7.1 TheAE instrument shall be capable of data acquisition in discrete channels within a frequency band of 20 to 200 kHZ. Thenumber of AE instrument channels shall be determined by the attenuation characteristics of the aerial device in order to providecoverage of those components identified in Table 1. A detailed description of
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