1、Designation: F 2099 01 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forUse of Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grids WhenPreparing and Using a Field Map for Land Search1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2099; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes one method of setting up a Uni-versal Transverse
3、 Mercator (UTM) grid system on a base mapfor transfer to a field map.1.2 This guide provides a uniform way of communicatingUTM coordinates.1.3 This guide is intended to be used with United StatesGeological Survey (USGS) 7.5-min quadrangle topographicalmaps with a scale of 1:24 000, with or without U
4、TM grid lines.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
5、establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1846 Practice for Symbols and Markings for Use WithLand Search Maps3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard
6、:3.1.1 field map, na copy of a base map or portion thereofprovided to search and rescue field teams or crews.3.1.2 grid overlay, na transparent piece of material usedfor interpolating UTM coordinates on a USGS topographicalmap. For a 1:24 000 scale map, the overlay contains, as aminimum, lines repre
7、senting at least two adjacent sides of a1000-m square, with the lines subdivided into tenths.3.1.3 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), na rectan-gular grid system that covers the earth between latitude 80South and latitude 84 North.3.1.4 UTM grid lines, na series of straight lines thatconnect the U
8、TM tick marks having identical numbers on thetop and bottom of the map, as well as a series of lines thatsimilarly connect the left and right side UTM tick marks.3.1.5 UTM tick marks, nsmall vertical or horizontal lineson 1:24 000 USGS maps, light blue in color, approximately 0.3cm (18 in.) in lengt
9、h spaced 1000 m (1 km) (scale) apart.4. Significance and Use4.1 The base map, field maps, and the UTM grid lines areused during search operations to ensure that field personnel andthe command post can accurately communicate specific posi-tion information in the search area.4.2 Section 5 verifies if
10、the UTM grid lines are on the basemap or not. If the UTM grid lines are not on the base map,Section 5 describes how to draw them on the map.4.3 Section 6 establishes how to set up and prepare fieldmaps for personnel to use in the field.4.4 Section 7 describes the uniform way of determining andcommun
11、icating UTM coordinates.5. Verifying and Drawing UTM Grid Lines5.1 Obtain the USGS quadrangle map (7.5 min or 1:24 000)with the area that is to be copied. Review the map to see ifUTM grid lines are marked on the map. If so, proceed toSection 6, otherwise continue with 5.2.5.2 Obtain a straightedge l
12、ong enough to connect oppositeUTM tick marks and which can be used to draw full-lengthstraight lines in a single stroke, and a pen or pencil. Continuewith 5.3.5.3 Drawing Horizontal and Vertical UTM Grid Lines:5.3.1 Starting at the top or bottom of the map, align thestraightedge on the UTM tick mark
13、s at the left and right sidesof the map, ensuring the numbers are the same. In a singlestroke, draw a line connecting the tick marks. Move the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Management andOpera
14、tions.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 2099 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStanda
15、rds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.straightedge to the next set of UTM tick marks and again drawa single line connecting them. Conti
16、nue this process until allhorizontal lines are drawn.5.3.2 Starting at either side of the map, align the straight-edge on the UTM tick marks at the top and bottom of the map,ensuring the numbers are the same. In a single stroke, draw aline connecting the tick marks. Move the straightedge to thenext
17、set of UTM tick marks and again draw a single lineconnecting them. Continue this process until all vertical linesare drawn.5.4 When possible, maps should be reviewed and grid linesdrawn on the maps before being used on a search so that theprocedure in 5.3 does not have to be performed during thesear
18、ch.6. Preparing UTM Coordinates on a Base Map forCopying to a Field Map6.1 Position a sheet of paper, the same size as the paper ontowhich the map will be copied, over the area of the base mapwhich is to be copied.6.1.1 When placing the paper, consider that succeedingsteps of this procedure will shi
19、ft the copy area down and to theleft and that the copy machine may not be able to copy to theedges of the desired area.6.2 Place a piece of removable, nondestructive tape, such aswhite copy or correction tape or transparent tape, on the basemap along the entire bottom edge of the paper.6.3 Place a p
20、iece of removable, nondestructive tape, such aswhite copy or correction tape or transparent tape, on the basemap along the entire left edge of the paper.6.4 Remove the sheet of paper from the base map.6.5 Wherever the tape along the bottom edge of the copyarea crosses a vertical line connecting UTM
21、tick marks,transfer the last two (large) digits of the corresponding UTMcoordinates from the top or bottom of the map to the tape.6.6 Wherever the tape along the left edge of the copy areacrosses a horizontal line connecting UTM tick marks, transferthe last two (large) digits of the corresponding UT
22、M coordi-nates from the left or right side of the map to the tape.6.7 Place the marked area of the map on the copy machine,with the lower left corner of the tape being the referencecorner. Ensure that the information transferred to the tapeappears within the copy area, considering that the copymachi
23、ne may not copy completely to the edges of the original.6.8 Make copies as needed for the anticipated size of theincident.7. Reading the UTM Coordinates for Search and RescueOperations7.1 Reading the UTM coordinates using eight digits pro-vides a 10-m (32.8-ft) accuracy. All numbers are read right,t
24、hen up. Reading four digits to the right and four digits upprovides the eight digits.7.2 The four digits read to the right and the four digits readup are the ten-thousands, thousands, hundreds, and tens ofmetres.7.3 The ten-thousands and thousands of metres digits areread directly from the map and a
25、re the digits transferred to thetape in 6.3. The hundreds of metres digit is the first interpola-tion from the grid overlay and the tens of metres is the secondinterpolation.8. Keywords8.1 management; map; search; topographical; universaltransverse; USGS; UTMAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. MET
26、HOD FOR FINDING THE UTM COORDINATES OF A POINT ON A 1:24 000 SCALE USGS TOPOGRAPHIC MAPX1.1 On a 1:24 000 scale USGS topographic map (712min), the UTM values are shown at tick marks along the edgesof the map. At each tick mark there is a three- or four- digitnumber. The first one or two numbers will
27、 be printed smallerthan the third and fourth. One of the numbers along each edgemay have small trailing zeroes and the letter “m” with a larger“E” or “N.” See Fig. X1.1. Position is reported using thesenumbers.X1.2 The intersections of the UTM tick marks form squares1000 m to a side.X1.3 To find the
28、 UTM coordinates of a point, the 1000-msquare containing the point is divided into ten equal parts ineach direction and the position is reported in tenths readingright, then up. Dividing the grid into tenths can be done byestimating or with a transparent overlay. Each UTM grid for agiven map scale i
29、s the same size and is a true square (heightequals width; sides are at right angles), which is why anoverlay can be used.X1.4 As an example of determining UTM coordinates, theposition of “X” in Fig. X1.2 will be found.X1.4.1 First, the “X” is to the right of the large digits “92”(ignore the letters
30、and small numbers). Then, counting to theFIG. X1.1 1000-m UTM Grids RepresentationF 2099 01 (2007)2right, the “X” is between Lines 6 and 7. Since it is closer toLine 6, its position is noted as 926.X1.4.2 Next, find the large digits that the “X” is above or upfrom, in this case, “96.” Then counting
31、up, the “X” is betweenLines 5 and 6. Since it is closer to Line 5, its position is notedas 965.X1.4.3 The location of the “X” would be reported as“926965.” The coordinates are read right and up.X1.4.4 This set of six numbers locates the position of “X” towithin 100 m.X1.5 To find the position of “X”
32、 within 10 m, the 100-msquare containing “X” is divided into tenths in a similarfashion.X1.5.1 The center of the “X” is to the right of Line 6 andapproximately one quarter of the way across the 100-m gridtowards Line 7. This coordinate would be 9262 (or 9263depending on how the position is interpola
33、ted.)X1.5.2 In the vertical or up direction, the center of the “X”is three or four tenths of the way up from Line 5. Thiscoordinate would be 9653 (or 9654).X1.5.3 The position of “X” would be reported as 92629653.This locates “X” to within 10 m.X1.6 Always report the right then up coordinates, but d
34、onot use those words in the position report and do not leave aspace between the numbers. A pause may be inserted betweenthe two sets of digits when reading them aloud.X1.7 There must always be an even number of digits in thelocation coordinates so a leading or trailing zero (0) must beused when nece
35、ssary.X1.8 The number of digits in the right and up coordinatesmust be equal.X1.9 As a second example, the location of “Y” is 920968to within 100 m and 92049679 to within 10 m.X1.10 A grid, drawn to 1:24 000 scale is shown in Fig.X1.3. When copied onto transparent material, it can be used asan overl
36、ay for determining UTM position.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof
37、infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this st
38、andard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your
39、 views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. X1.2 UTM Grids of Fig. X1.1 Showing Divided Grid for Determining PositionFIG. X1.3 Grid for Making a UTM OverlayF 2099 01 (2007)3
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