1、Designation: F2137 11Standard Practice forMeasuring the Dynamic Characteristics of AmusementRides and Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2137; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers acquisition of data related to thedynamic characteristics of amusement rides and devices.1.2 This p
3、ractice also defines the specific requirements of aStandardized Amusement Ride Characterization Test (SARCTest) for use in characterizing the dynamic motion of anamusement ride or device.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are math
4、ematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3.1 ExceptionThe values are reversed in Section 13since EN standards primarily use SI units.2. Referenced Documents2.1 SAE Standard:2SAE J211 Instrumentation for Impact Tests2.2 EN Standard:3EN 13
5、814 Fairground and amusement park machinery andstructures - Safety3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aliasinga phenomenon associated with sampleddata systems, wherein a signal containing significant energy atfrequencies greater than one half of the system sample fre-quency manifests itself in the s
6、ampled data as a lowerfrequency (aliased) signal. Aliasing can be avoided only bylimiting the frequency content of the signal prior to thesampling process. Once a signal has been aliased, it is notpossible to reconstruct the original signal from the sampleddata.3.1.2 calibration constantthe arithmet
7、ic mean of the sen-sitivity coefficients, evaluated at frequencies that are evenlyspaced on a logarithmic scale between FLand FH.3.1.3 calibration valuethe ratio of the reference calibra-tion system output, in engineering units relevant to the trans-ducer, to the data channel output, in volts, as me
8、asured atconstant excitation frequency and amplitude.3.1.4 channel frequency class (CFC)a frequency responseenvelope that conforms to Fig. 1 and is referred to by the valueFHin hertz. The CFC frequency response envelope is definedby the boundaries shown in Fig. 1 and the following charac-teristic fr
9、equencies:FLPass band lower limit (hertz). Always equal to zero(0.0) hertz.FHPass band upper limit (hertz). The CFC designator.FNThe corner or knee of the frequency response envelope.Always equal to or greater than 1.667 3 FH.FSThe minimum sample frequency for a sampled datasystem that corresponds t
10、o the designated CFC. Always equalto or greater than 12 3 FH.3.1.4.1 DiscussionFL, FH, FN, and FSare always specifiedin hertz. While the characteristics of the CFC may be appliedto individual components of a data channel, the CFC is, bydefinition, the frequency response envelope of the entire datach
11、annel from the mounted transducer to the final representationof the acquired data.3.1.5 coordinate systemthree orthogonal axes that inter-sect at an origin whose positive directions correspond to theright-hand rule.3.1.5.1 measurement coordinate systema coordinate sys-tem that provides the reference
12、 axes and sign convention forthe test data record(s).3.1.5.2 patron coordinate systema coordinate system thatis fixed with respect to the human upper torso and oriented asin Fig. 2.3.1.5.3 vehicle coordinate systema coordinate system thatis fixed with respect to the ride or device being tested.3.1.6
13、 data channelthe entire instrumentation system for asingle channel of data acquisition; from the transducer to thefinal representation of the data, including all post-acquisitiondata processing that may alter the amplitude or frequencycontent of the data.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of A
14、STM Committee F24 on AmusementRides and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F24.10 on TestMethods.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approvedin 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F2137 09. DOI: 10.1520/F2137-11.2Available from Soc
15、iety of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,Warrendale, PA 15096.3Available from European Committee for Standardization, http:/www.cen.eu/.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.7 data channel full scalethe maxi
16、mum usable value,in units of the physical phenomenon being measured, that maybe represented by a data channel. This value is determined bythe data channel component with the lowest full-scale range.3.1.8 free-run timea period of time during the ride cyclewhen no energy is added to the ride vehicle.3
17、.1.9 full-scalethe maximum usable value, in units of thephysical phenomenon being measured, which may be repre-sented by a data channel or some component thereof.3.1.10 “g”the standard acceleration due to gravity at thesurface of the earth. Defined as 32.2 ft/s/s or 9.81 m/s/s.FIG. 1 Frequency Respo
18、nse EnvelopeFIG. 2 Patron Coordinate SystemF2137 1123.1.11 nonlinearitythe ratio, in percent, of the maximumdifference between a calibration value and the correspondingvalue determined from the straight line defined by the sensi-tivity coefficient and zero bias.3.1.12 reference calibration systemthe
19、 entire calibrationinstrumentation system from the reference transducer to theoutput device that provides the calibration excitation value inengineering units appropriate to the physical phenomenonbeing measured.3.1.13 resolutionthe lowest magnitude data channel out-put value that can be identified
20、as non-zero.3.1.14 sensitivity coeffcientthe slope of the straight linerepresenting the best fit, as determined by the method of leastsquares, to calibration values generated at a single frequencyand at various amplitudes within the data channel full scalerange. In the special case where only a sing
21、le calibration valueis considered, the sensitivity coefficient and the calibrationvalue will be equal.3.1.15 standardized amusement ride characterization test(SARC Test)an instrumented test of an amusement ride ordevice that is done in conformance to the general specificationsof this standard and th
22、e particular specifications of Section 12.3.1.16 test data recordthe uninterrupted time record ofdata channel value(s) that results from a data acquisitionsession. the length of a data acquisition session is not specified.The data acquisition session is considered complete (or inter-rupted) when dat
23、a is not recorded for a time interval longerthan the sampling period of the data recorder. Both a strip chartpaper record and a computer data file containing periodicallysampled data channel values are typical forms of a test datarecord.3.1.17 test documentationthe entire body of documenta-tion pert
24、aining to a test performed in compliance with thispractice, including, but not limited to, the test data record(s),data channel specifications and other test specifications, andinformation as provided in this practice (see Section 11 and12.1.9).3.1.18 transducerthe device at the front end of the dat
25、achannel that converts a physical phenomenon, such as accel-eration, to a calibrated electrical signal that may be input to theremainder of the data channel.3.1.19 transverse sensitivitythe sensitivity of a rectilineartransducer to excitation along an axis that is perpendicular toits nominal sensiti
26、ve axis.3.1.20 zero biasthe magnitude of the data channel outputwhen the transducer input is zero or static.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is intended for use whenever the dynamiccharacteristics of an amusement ride or device are to bedetermined. The existence of this practice is not inten
27、ded toimply that there is a requirement to perform specific testing onamusement rides or devices.4.2 The general provisions of this practice provide instru-mentation specifications, data acquisition and testing proce-dures, and documentation requirements that when applied willimprove the repeatabili
28、ty, reliability, and utility of the testresults.4.3 Based on the general provisions of this practice, theSARC Test specifications, when followed, will yield standard-ized test results regarding the patron-related, dynamic motionof amusement rides or devices. The SARC Test will facilitateboth the mea
29、ningful comparison of the dynamic motion ofdifferent amusement rides or devices and the tracking ofchanges, if any, in the dynamic characteristics of a given rideor device.5. Data Channel Performance Specifications5.1 CFC DefinitionsThe following channel frequencyclasses are defined as standard:CFC1
30、0ACFC60BFL0.0 Hz 0.0 HzFH10.0 Hz 60.0 HzFN16.7 Hz 100 HzFS120 Hz 720 HzACFC10 should be used when the data channel is being used for acquisition oflower frequency events.BCFC60 should be used when the data channel is being used for acquisition ofhigher frequency events.Other channel frequency classe
31、s may be defined as needed ordesired by the user of this practice. The proportional relation-ship between FH, FN, and FSshall be maintained for all channelfrequency classes.5.2 Minimum data channel resolution shall be 2 % of thedata channel full scale.5.3 Maximum nonlinearity shall be 2.5 % of the d
32、atachannel full scale.5.4 Minimum time base resolution shall be 1/FS(s).5.5 Maximum relative delay or time shift between datachannels that are nominally acquired simultaneously shall be1/FS(s).6. Transducer Performance Specifications6.1 Transducer selection shall be consistent with the in-tended tes
33、t objectives and generally accepted instrumentationand engineering practice.6.2 The transducer frequency response curve shall conformto the CFC frequency response envelope from FLthrough2 3 FHand exhibit no more than +6 dB of peaking at thenatural frequency of the transducer.6.3 Maximum transverse s
34、ensitivity shall be 3 %.7. Recorder Performance Specifications7.1 Analog Data Recorders:7.1.1 The analog data recorder shall provide a method bywhich the zero bias, if any, can be reduced to less than the datachannel minimum resolution prior to acquiring any test data.7.1.2 Minimum amplitude resolut
35、ion shall be two 2 % of thedata channel full scale.7.1.3 Paper tape recorders (or their equivalent) shall providea minimum paper speed, in mm/s, of 1.5 3 FH(Hz).7.2 Digital Data Recorders:7.2.1 All data shall be acquired with a minimum CFC of ten.7.2.2 Minimum amplitude resolution shall be 0.10 % of
36、 thedata channel full scale.7.2.3 Minimum sample rate shall be FS(Hz) for the chosenCFC.F2137 1137.2.4 Protection from aliasing errors in the sampled datashall be accomplished by pre-sample filtering that conforms tothe specified CFC frequency response envelope for the datachannel.7.2.4.1 Alternate
37、protection from aliasing errors may beaccomplished by providing appropriate pre-sample, anti-aliasfiltering in conjunction with a higher-than-FSsample rate anddigital post-acquisition filtering such that the frequency re-sponse envelope of the data channel conforms to the desiredCFC frequency respon
38、se envelope. The anti-alias filter charac-teristics shall be such that the maximum possible signalamplitude at one half the sampling frequency is less than thedata channel minimum resolution.8. Calibration Specifications8.1 For transducers, data recorders, or any other data chan-nel component that i
39、s subject to calibration changes over time,the calibration constant and frequency response shall bedetermined and documented annually.8.2 Reference calibration instrumentation used as a second-ary standard in the calibration of a data channel or anysubsystem thereof shall have current certificates o
40、f calibrationthat are traceable to accepted national standards.8.3 The reference calibration system and calibration meth-ods shall not introduce a calibration error greater than 1.5 % ofthe data channel full scale.8.4 To establish a data channel or data channel componentfrequency response and calibr
41、ation constant, sensitivity coef-ficients shall be determined from calibration values measuredat a minimum of one signal amplitude that represents at least50 % of the full scale range of the data channel or componentbeing calibrated and throughout a range of frequencies from FLto 10 3 FHfor a given
42、CFC. A minimum set of five sensitivitycoefficients establishes the frequency response of a data chan-nel or component. The minimum set of sensitivity coefficientsshall be generated at frequencies that nominally correspond tothe following CFC specifications:FL, FH, FN,23 FH, and 10 3 FN8.5 To establi
43、sh nonlinearity, a minimum of one sensitivitycoefficient shall be determined from calibration values gener-ated at a minimum of three signal amplitudes that nominallycorrespond to the following percentages of the minimumfull-scale range of the data channel or data channel componentbeing calibrated:
44、Less than 20 % of full scale, 50 % of fullscale, and 80 % of full scale. For the minimum requirement ofa single sensitivity coefficient, the nominal frequency shall behalfway between FLand FH.9. Transducer Location and Mounting9.1 General Instrumentation:9.1.1 Transducer location, orientation, and m
45、ountingmethod shall be consistent with the intended test objectives andgenerally accepted instrumentation and engineering practice.9.1.2 Transducers shall be mounted such that the anglebetween the sensitive axis (axes) of the transducer and thecorresponding axis (axes) of the selected coordinate sys
46、temshall be no greater than 5.9.2 General Accelerometry:9.2.1 MountingTo avoid distortion in the data channelvalues, accelerometers shall be mounted so as to minimizerelative motion between the transducers and the instrumentedsurface. When deemed appropriate, an analytical or experimen-tal evaluatio
47、n of transducer mounting effects on the datachannel should be provided (see 11.1.6).9.2.2 When multi-axis accelerations at a point are to bemeasured, the center of seismic mass of each accelerometershall be within 60 mm of that point. Each accelerometer axisshall be within one degree of orthogonal r
48、elative to the otheraxes.10. Procedure10.1 The unique characteristics of a particular amusementride or device or other special circumstances may be such thatit is not reasonably possible to test in strict conformance withone or more provisions of this practice. Any deviation(s) fromthe provisions of
49、 this practice shall be recorded so as to clearlyprovide a description of the specific deviation(s).10.2 Field Calibration:10.2.1 Where practical, all data channels should be sub-jected to a field calibration procedure to establish the reliabilityof the data channel calibration.10.2.2 For accelerometer-based data channels, the fieldcalibration procedure, may take the form of a 2g “roll-over”test. The 2g “roll-over” test requires that the accelerometer beplaced with its sensitive axis perpendicular to a plane surfacethat is nominally level with respe
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