ASTM F2184-2009 Standard Guide for Installation of Paintball Barrier Netting.pdf

1、Designation: F2184 09An American National StandardStandard Guide forInstallation of Paintball Barrier Netting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2184; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la

2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide is intended to outline installation requirements for the safe and effective installation ofpaintball barrier

3、netting. The proper installation of safe paintball barrier netting at paintball playingfacilities is critical to protect non-players from accidental impact of a paintball.Paintball is a sport that, like all sports, has intrinsic hazards for the active participants. These hazardsinclude being hit by

4、paintballs. Spectators not separated from the active playing field by an appropriatebarrier can experience accidental impact of a paintball. Although surrounding an active playing fieldwith paintball barrier netting cannot eliminate all injuries, paintball barrier netting can substantiallyreduce the

5、 severity and frequency of injuries when properly installed.This guide is written within the current state-of-the-art of paintball barrier netting technology. Theintent is to revise this guide whenever substantive information becomes available that justifies revisingexisting requirements or adding n

6、ew requirements.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the installa-tion of paintball barrier netting that may be used to delineateplaying fields, chronograph areas, target ranges, and other“goggle-on” areas of an active paintball site.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarde

7、d as thestandard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices

8、and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1979 Specification for Paintballs Used in the Sport ofPaintballF2272 Specification for Paintball MarkersF2278 Test Method for Evaluating Paintball Barrier Netting3. Terminology3.1 Def

9、initions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 barrel, nthat portion of a paintball marker throughwhich the paintball is discharged.3.1.2 billowing, nlateral movement of the netting thatmay occur from influence of the wind.3.1.3 muzzle, nthe end of the barrel at which the ball exitsthe barrel.3.1

10、.4 paintball, na spherical ball, commonly with a diam-eter of 17.3 mm (0.68 in.), composed of a shell and a fill, thatis designed to be expelled from a paintball marker andconforms to Specification F1979.3.1.5 paintball barrier netting, nnetting used in the sportof paintball as a protective barrier.

11、3.1.6 paintball marker, na device specifically designed todischarge paintballs that conforms to Specification F2272.3.1.7 SAT (Standard Ambient Temperature), nused todescribe a substance at a temperature of 25 6 2C (77 6 4F).3.1.8 shell, na rigid to semi-rigid material (generally ofgelatin) that enc

12、apsulates the fill of a paintball.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide recommends minimum installation require-ments to provide a reasonable degree of safety in the normaluse of paintball barrier netting.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities a

13、nd is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.24 onPaintball and Equipment.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F2184 02. DOI:10.1520/F2184-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website

14、, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

15、5. General Requirements5.1 Layout (see Fig. 1):5.1.1 Paintball barrier netting shall be installed not closerthan 6.10 6 0.15 m (20.0 6 0.5 ft) from the playing fieldboundary line.5.1.1.1 If the 6.10 6 0.15 m (20.0 6 0.5 ft) buffer zonecannot be respected due to space constraints, the netting mustcon

16、form to 5.2.1 at the distance of closest approach.5.1.2 A spectator exclusion zone will extend a minimum of0.61 6 0.15 m (2.0 6 0.5 ft) beyond the paintball barriernetting allowing for billowing.5.2 Paintball Barrier Netting Testing:5.2.1 New installations of paintball barrier netting shall betested

17、 in accordance with the procedure described in TestMethod F2278 prior to use.5.2.2 Existing installations of paintball barrier netting areeffected by various factors such as wind, rain, animal popula-tion, etc., and should be inspected on a regular basis to confirmthe integrity of the installation.

18、This inspection must includeimpact testing of the paintball barrier netting based on TestMethod F2278.5.3 Installation:5.3.1 Netting should be installed in a manner that substan-tially reduces the likelihood of a paintball injuring spectators orplayers located in areas where eye protection is not re

19、quired.Recommended practices include and are not limited to:5.3.1.1 Where top enclosures are not used or available,netting shall be a minimum of 3.7 m (12 ft) high. The use ofberms is allowed as a barrier. The combined height of the bermand netting should be a minimum of 3.7 m (12 ft) above theplayi

20、ng surface. If spectators are allowed to stand on the berm,the netting must extend a minimum of 2.1 m (7 ft) from the topof the berm.5.3.1.2 Vertical supports for netting shall be of sufficientstrength and length to support netting in condition that it is tobe used (for example, indoors, outdoors wi

21、th breeze, etc.).5.3.1.3 Vertical supports should be spaced not more than 7.66 0.15 m (25.0 6 0.5 ft) apart.5.3.1.4 Netting sag between vertical supports should notexceed 30.5 6 2.5 cm (12 6 1 in.).(1) The use of a 0.95-cm (38-in.) steel cable or equivalentstrung across the top of the vertical suppo

22、rts through eyeboltswith a 5-cm (2-in.) inside diameter (ID) will reduce sagbetween the vertical supports.5.3.1.5 If netting traverses a vertical support, it should bekept a minimum of 10 cm (4 in.) from the support to reducewear on the net and mounted on the interior of the verticalsupports (see Fi

23、g. 2).5.3.1.6 The bottom of the net should be secured to reducethe ability to lift the netting between the vertical supports.(1) The use of a 0.95-cm (38-in.) steel cable or equivalentstrung across the bottom of the vertical supports througheyebolts with a 5-cm (2-in.) ID is effective in reducing li

24、ft.(2) The use of pegs spaced 61.0 6 2.5 cm (24 6 1 in.) apartand extending a minimum of 15.2 cm (6 in.) into the ground orequivalent will reduce lifting of the bottom of the net.5.3.1.7 Sufficient means of fastening the netting to the topand bottom horizontal supports are required.(1) Tie-wraps or

25、equivalent spaced 15.2 6 2.5 cm (6 6 1in.) can be used.5.3.1.8 Where cables or ropes are used in the installation,the use of turnbuckles to tension cables or ropes is recom-mended.5.3.1.9 Billowing of the netting should be reduced. The useof a 6.35-mm (0.25-in.) nylon rope or equivalent can bezigzag

26、ged across the netting. One cable should pass on theinterior of the field while the second passes in an oppositedirection on the exterior of the field (see Fig. 3).5.4 Entrances:5.4.1 Entrances to the playing field shall be designed toprevent a paintball from passing through in a straight line.5.4.2

27、 A recommended configuration is a zigzag (see Fig. 4).5.5 Joints:5.5.1 All joints shall consist of a rolled or bunched jointconsisting of netting overlapped by a minimum of 15.2 6 1cm(6 6 0.5 in.) and be fastened with tie-wraps or equivalent at15.2 6 2.5 cm (6 6 1 in.) intervals (see Figs. 5-7).5.6

28、Repairs:5.6.1 Repairs to the netting shall consist of patches thatextend 15.2 6 2.5 cm (6 6 1 in.) in all directions and arefastened to the inside of the netting with tie-wraps or equiva-lents at 7.6 6 1cm(36 0.5 in.) intervals (see Fig. 8).6. Keywords6.1 paintball; paintball sports; paintball marke

29、rs; paintballbarrier nettingFIG. 1 Playing Field LayoutF2184 092FIG. 2 Mounting Side ViewFIG. 3 Mounting Front ViewFIG. 4 Zigzag EntranceFIG. 5 Preparation to JoinFIG. 6 Finished Joint (Front View)FIG. 7 Finished Joint (Top View)F2184 093FIG. 8 Repair ExampleASTM International takes no position resp

30、ecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This s

31、tandard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Interna

32、tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown bel

33、ow.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F2184 094