1、Designation: F2191 02 (Reapproved 2008)F2191/F2191M 13 An American National StandardStandard Specification forPacking Material, Graphitic or Carbon Braided Yarn1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2191;F2191/F2191M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year
2、of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers staple or continuous filament
3、carbon/graphite yarn valve stem compression packing, suitable foruse as end-rings on packing systems for valves. Intended services include steam, hydrocarbons, water and non-oxidizingchemicals. Where this specification is invoked as ASTM F2191, Sections 1 18 apply. Where this specification is invoke
4、d asASTM/DoD F2191, Sections 1 18 and the Supplementary Requirements are shall be applicable.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the separately as standard. The values statedin each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be us
5、ed independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate
6、 safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C135 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Water ImmersionC561 Test Method for Ash in a Graphite SampleC562 Test Method for Moistur
7、e in a Graphite SampleC816 Test Method for Sulfur in Graphite by Combustion-Iodometric Titration MethodC889 Test Methods for Chemical and Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3) PowderD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition
8、 Device Method)D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In WaterD1179 Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in WaterD1246 Test Method for Bromide Ion in WaterD3178 Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2007)3D3684 Test Method for Total Mercury in Coal by the Oxyge
9、n BombCombustion/Atomic Absorption MethodD3761 Test Method for Total Fluorine in Coal by the Oxygen Bomb Combustion/Ion Selective Electrode MethodD3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingD4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion
10、2.2 Military Standards:MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage4MIL-P-24583 Packing Material, Graphitic or Carbon Braided Yarn4MIL-P-24503 Packing Material, Graphitic, Corrugated Ribbon or Textured Tape and Preformed Ring42.3 Fluid Sealing Association Handbook:Guidelines for the Use of Compressi
11、on Packings, Copyright 199751 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.02 onInsulation/Processes.Current edition approved May 1, 2008Dec. 15, 2013. Published July 2008January 2014. Originall
12、y approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 asF2191 - 02.F2191 - 02(2008). DOI: 10.1520/F2191-02R08.10.1520/F2191_F2191M-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvol
13、ume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, ht
14、tp:/www.dodssp.daps.mil.5 Available from the Fluid Sealing Association, 994 Old Eagle School Road, Suite 1019, Wayne, PA 19087-1866.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version.
15、 Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International,
16、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 base fiber densitybulk density of the base fiber before being coated or impregnated and braided into packing; expressedas lb/ftpacking.3.3.2 braided flexible graphitea braid constructed of continuou
17、s strands or strips of expanded flexible graphite tape or ribbons,which may have been overwrapped or have imbedded reinforcing fibers.3.3 carbon fibersfibers used in braided packing are produced from viscose rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and aredefined as a yarn with a carbon assay of les
18、s than 99 %.3.4 carbon yarnsmanufactured from continuous or staple carbon fibers that are twisted or plied into continuous individualstrands of between 6 and 18 m in diameter.3.5 carbon/graphite fiberscarbon/graphite fibers used in braided packing are produced from viscose rayon, pitch, orpolyacrylo
19、nitrile (PAN).3.6 center or corner filler strandsstrands of fiber/yarn that run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the braid in the corners orcenter to control the internal density and dimensional stability of the braid.3.7 continuousindividual fibers are almost infinite in length.3.8 continuous o
20、r staple carbon/graphitecontinuous or staple defines the length of the individual fibers in the carbonaceousyarn. Continuous means the fibers are infinite in length and staple means the individual fibers are at least 75 mm (3 in.)3 in. longand preferably 150 to 200 mm (66 to 8 in.)in. long. All of t
21、he fibers are between 6 to 18 m in diameter and are twisted/pliedinto continuous strands called yarns.3.9 corrosion inhibitorsadditives to the yarn or braid to function in a passive or sacrificial manner to reduce galvanic corrosionsuch as embedded zinc powder, phosphorus, or barium molybdate.3.10 d
22、etrimental materialsabrasive or chemically active constituents such as abrasive ash particles (in high ash content foils)or elemental materials as in Table 2.3.11 diagonal interlocking braidthese strands criss-cross from the surface of the braid diagonally through the body of thebraid and each stran
23、d is strongly locked by other strands to form an integral structure (see Fig. 1).3.12 dispersionvarious coatings or impregnants added to the base fibers or braid to facilitate handling, lubricate the fibers,accelerate break-in, or act as blocking agents during use.3.13 graphite fibersfibers used in
24、braided packing are produced from viscose rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and aredefined as a yarn with a carbon assay of 99 % or higher.3.14 graphite yarnsmanufactured from continuous or staple graphite fibers that are twisted or plied into continuous individualstrands between 6 to 18 m in
25、 diameter.3.15 lotall finished packing of one size, type, class, and grade produced in a continuous run or at the same time and underessentially the same conditions.3.16 PANpolyacrylonitrile fibers used as precursors to manufacture carbon/graphite for braided packing.3.17 PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene
26、. (WarningGraphitic valve packing containing PTFE has been associated with acceler-ated valve stem corrosion.Warning)Graphitic valve packing containing PTFE has been associated with accelerated valve stemcorrosion.)3.18 specific gravitythe ratio of the mass of a unit volume of a material at a stated
27、 temperature to the mass of the same volumeof distilled water at the same temperature.3.19 square plait braidthe strands in this type of braid interlock in a single plane and do not interlock through the body ofthe braid (see Fig. 1).3.20 staple carbon/graphiteindividual fibers are at least 75 mm (3
28、 in.)3 in. long and preferably 150 to 200 mm (66 to 8in.)in. long.TABLE 1 Chemical and Physical PropertiesProperty Value TestCarbon AssayGraphitic 99 % by mass, min. 13.4Carbon 95 % by mass, min. 13.4Ash 1 % by mass, max. 13.5Finished Packing (in as-supplied state):Specific gravity 1.38 g/cc, min. 1
29、3.6Moisture content 3 %, max. 13.7Compression recovery 25 %, min. 13.10F2191/F2191M 1323.21 unravelinga loss of the original braiding shape or dimensions of the cut end extending from the cut for a distance greaterthan that specified along the axis of the packing.4. Classification4.1 ClassificationT
30、he material shall be of the following types, classes, and grades, as specified (see 5.1):4.1.1 Type IContinuous carbon or graphite yarn.4.1.2 Type IIStaple carbon or graphite yarn.4.1.3 Type IIIBraided flexible graphite.4.1.3.1 Class 1For use where detrimental material and lubricant content of the p
31、acking need not be controlled beyond normalmanufacturing limits.4.1.3.2 Class 2For use where detrimental materials content must be controlled to limits specified herein.4.1.3.3 Class 3For use where detrimental materials content need not be controlled beyond normal manufacturing limits, andmedia temp
32、eratures do not exceed 500F (260C).260C.(1) Grade ATreated with corrosion inhibitor.(2) Grade BNo corrosion inhibitor.5. Ordering Information5.1 Acquisition RequirementsAcquisition documents must specify the following:5.1.1 Title, number, and date of this specification.5.1.2 Type, Class and Grade re
33、quired (see Section 4).5.1.3 Carbon or graphite.5.1.4 Type of corrosion inhibitor.5.1.5 Chemical properties (see 7.1).5.1.6 Inspection, testing, and certification of the material shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier as partof the purchase contract.5.1.7 Size required (see 9.1)
34、. When pre-cut rings are desired, specify the braid cross-section, inside diameter, outside diameter,and number of rings required.5.1.8 Put-up, if other than required by Table S4.1 (see Supplementary Requirements).5.1.9 Application data.5.1.10 Packaging requirements (see Section 18 and Supplementary
35、 Requirements).5.1.11 Marking requirements (see 17.1 and Supplementary Requirements).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials and ManufactureThe material shall be as specified in 6.1.1 6.1.5.6.1.1 Yarn:6.1.1.1 Type I packing shall be made of continuous filament carbon or graphite yarn.6.1.1.2 Type
36、II shall be made of staple carbon or graphite yarn.6.1.1.3 Type III shall be made of flexible graphite.6.1.2 Packing:6.1.2.1 Class 1 packing shall be made of Type I or Type II yarn and shall have a pure graphitic dispersion or carbon dispersion.6.1.2.2 Class 2 packing shall be made of Type I yarn an
37、d shall have a pure graphite or carbon dispersion.6.1.2.3 Class 3 packing shall be made of Type I or Type II yarn and shall have a pure graphite, or carbon dispersion and mayare permitted to be coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (see 7.2 and 13.9).6.1.3 Coating and Corrosion Inhibiting Treat
38、ments:6.1.3.1 Grade AGrade A packing shall be provided with a powdered zinc (Zn) active corrosion inhibiting treatment or apassive inhibiting treatment such as phosphorus or barium molybdate. If required, both active and passive inhibitors shall be used.6.1.3.2 Grade BGrade B packing shall not conta
39、in corrosion inhibiting additives.TABLE 2 Detrimental Materials (Class 2 only (see 13.8)ElementMaximum AllowableTotalImpurity Levels inparts per million(ppm)Mercury (Hg) 10Sulfur (S) 750Total halogens (chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) 500Chlorine (Cl) 250Bromine (Br) 250Fluorine (F) 250F2191/F2191M
40、1336.1.4 Packing Construction (Type I and Type II)Packing shall be square (plait) braided for cross-sectional sizes smaller than6 mm (14 in.).in. Cross-sectional sizes of 6 mm (14 in.)in. or greater shall use a diagonal interlocking type construction. Thediagonal interlocking constructions shall con
41、sist of either single or plied yarns braided on 12, 18, 20, 24, 32, or 36 carrier braidingmachines.Additional axial center, corner, and (stuffer) warp yarn(s) can be added within the braid as necessary to produce a densesquare cross-section packing profile with good dimensional stability.6.1.5 Mercu
42、ry ExclusionDuring manufacturing, fabrication, handling, packaging, and packing, the packing material shall notcome in contact with mercury or mercury containing compounds.7. Properties7.1 Chemical and Physical PropertiesUnless otherwise specified, the properties of the finished packing shall confor
43、m to therequirements of Table 1. Class 2 also requires compliance with Table 2.7.2 PTFE Coating (Class 3 only)If PTFE is used, it shall not exceed 10 % by mass of the packing (see 13.9) unless otherwiseagreed to by the purchaser. (WarningGraphitic valve packing containing PTFE has been associated wi
44、th accelerated valve stemcorrosion.Warning)Graphitic valve packing containing PTFE has been associated with accelerated valve stem corrosion.)7.3 Prohibited AdditionsThere shall be no intentional additions of any of the detrimental materials listed in Table 2 or anyantimony (Sb), arsenic (As), bismu
45、th (Bi), cadmium (Cd), gallium (Ga), indium (In), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), silver (Ag), or tin(Sn), or, in the case of Grade B packing, zinc (Zn).8. Other Requirements8.1 Braid Geometry RetentionUntaped, cut ends shall not unravel more than 3 mm (18 in.)in. with the packing dry or wet(see 13.11). Fo
46、r example, packing 12 mm (12-in.)-in. in cross section shall not unravel more than 3 mm (18 in.)in. at either endof the packing.FIG. 1 Packing ConstructionF2191/F2191M 1349. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations9.1 Sizes and MassPacking shall be furnished in the sizes shown in Table 3, or oth
47、er size(s) as is ordered by the customer,(see Section 5 and 6.1.4). Packing shall be formed approximately square or rectangular in cross-section (either when straight orwhen placed about a shaft) within the dimensional tolerances of Table 3. When specified in the purchase document (see 5.1 and13.2),
48、 the mass per linear foot (or other measure) shall be in accordance with the sizes listed in Table 4. Sizes not listed in Table4 shall be as agreed between purchaser and manufacturer and specified in Section 5, Ordering Information. Minimum Includeminimum mass per linear foot should be included as a
49、 part of the bid and purchase documents.9.1.1 Tolerance and Measurement StandardsThe generally accepted method of measurements in the packing manufacturingenvironment is a hand held, direct reading, vernier caliper. To ensure concentricity, the inside diameter is measured using a grounddimensional plug gauge and the outside diameter is measured by the above (caliper) while the plug is inserted. Informationregarding tolerance and measurement is available in the Guidelines for the Use of Compress
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