1、Designation: F2204/F2204M 16Standard Guide forDescribing Shoreline and Inland Response Techniques1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2204/F2204M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods to clean and remediatestranded oil on marine and lake shorelines, on river banks andother inland
3、 water body shorelines, and terrestrial habitats. Theprimary goal of any countermeasure is to aid recovery whileminimizing additional impact.1.2 This guide describes 22 different tactics that are avail-able for consideration. These options range from naturalrecovery to active physical or biochemical
4、 intervention.1.3 The tactics listed might not be appropriate under allpossible circumstances, and multiple countermeasures could beappropriate on the same shoreline, river bank, lake shore orterrestrial habitat.1.4 This guide describes technical considerations for select-ing appropriate response co
5、untermeasures or techniques.1.5 Selection of specific countermeasures for use during aspill response is guided by properties of the oil, degree ofoiling, site accessibility, geomorphology, substrate and vegeta-tion type, mobility of available equipment, hydrologic (coastaland inland) and meteorologi
6、cal conditions, and the presence ofsensitive natural and archeological resources. It is advisable toconsult with appropriate regulatory authorities since certainresponse options may require government authorization orapproval, or both.1.6 This guide does not address response to submerged,sunken or b
7、uried oil.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents: therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-confor
8、mancewith the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
9、 to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1686 Guide for Surveys to Document and Assess OilingConditionsF1687 Guide for Terminology and Indices to Describe Oil-ing Conditions on ShorelinesF1872 Guide for Use of Chemical Shoreline CleaningAgents: Environmental and Operational Considerations
10、F2205 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use ofChemical Dispersants in Oil Spill Response: TropicalEnvironmentsF2532 Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefit ofDispersant Use3. Key Terms3.1 Shoreline and Inland HabitatsFor the purpose of thisguide, marine and estuarine shorelines, ri
11、ver banks, and lakeshores will be collectively referred to as shorelines, shores, orshore-zones. Shore types include a range of impermeable(bedrock, ice, and man-made structures), permeable (flats,beaches, and man-made), and coastal wetland (marshes,mangroves,) habitats. Other non-shoreline, inland
12、habitatsinclude wetlands (pond, fen, bog, swamp, tundra, and shrub)and drier terrains (grassland, desert, forests), and will becollectively referred to as either wetlands or terrains, respec-tively.3.2 Mixed Sediment SubstratesThese are described basedon the size of the inorganic sediments (Guide F1
13、687). Thepenetration and retention of oil is largely controlled by sedi-ment size. Only light oils (for example, a diesel) can penetratesand, whereas all but the more viscous oils can easily penetrateinto pebbles and cobbles (“coarse sediment”). Substrates com-posed of mixed sands, pebbles, and cobb
14、les are sometimesreferred to as “gravel.” The surface layer often has predomi-nantly coarse sediments with increasing amounts of sand in thesubsurface. In mixed-sediment substrates, coarser fractions1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Resp
15、onse and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.17 on Shoreline Countermeasures.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2016. Published March 2016. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F2204 09. DOI:10.1520/F2204-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM w
16、ebsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United St
17、ates1(pebbles and cobbles) are infilled with the finer sediments(sands and granules) so that these substrates are permeableonly for some medium oils and all light oils. Pebble-cobble(“coarse sediment”) substrates have open interstitial spaces, sooil typically penetrates them, but can be easily remob
18、ilized bywave flushing, tidal pumping, or by river currents.3.3 DebrisScattered organic or inorganic materials thathave washed up onto shorelines, wetlands, or accumulated inrivers and streams, or a combination thereof. These materialsare not part of a natural habitat, such as sediments, attachedani
19、mals (for example, mussels or barnacles), live sea grasses,or aquatic plants. Accumulations of large logs that havewashed ashore on sedimentary coasts or mid-channel islandscan provide protection against wave action and, in some areas,are considered to be a critical element of the shore zone.Likewis
20、e, log jams or beaver dams in rivers and streams canprovide critical habitat. A decision to remove oiled logs andother debris may require approval from regulatory agencies.3.4 Hot versus Warm Water WashingWashing oil from asubstrate (solid or otherwise) typically uses ambient (unheated)water pumped
21、from the adjacent water body. The removal ofsticky or weathered stranded oil can require an increase inpressure or temperature, or both, to be effective. Conventionalwater heaters raise water temperatures up to 160F 70C. Anoperational example is the successful use of warm washingduring the Exxon Val
22、dez response. Hot water washing involvesheating water to temperatures greater than 160F 70C. Hotwater heaters are occasionally combined with high-pressurespray systems, require more energy than warm-water heaters,and are only applicable for removal of small amounts of oil(“spot washing”) on man-made
23、 structures.3.5 Waste GenerationEach spill response technique, gen-erates different volumes and types of waste depending on theamount and type of spilled oil and the substrate materials. Thetypes of waste generated during spill response include: oilywater or liquids, oiled sediments, or oiled debris
24、. Recovered oiland oil-water mixtures are usually temporarily stored prior torecycling, treatment or disposal, or a combination thereof.Operational waste is generated by cleanup or treatment activi-ties and can include personal protective equipment, sorbents,and packaging. Waste management can be an
25、 issue duringresponse, particularly in remote areas where disposal optionsare limited and travel distances to approved sites are long.Estimates of the types and volumes of potential waste shouldbe included in the countermeasure selection process. (1)33.6 Response TechniquesFor the purpose of this gu
26、ide, theterm, “response techniques,” will be used to generically refer toresponse countermeasures, clean-up techniques, tactics, ormethods, or a combination thereof.4. Significance and Use4.1 Once the extent and type of oiling has been defined anddocumented using proper procedures (see Guides F1686
27、andF1687), decisions are made on the appropriate course of actionfor site cleaning and restoration. In some cases, naturalrecovery (accompanied by monitoring) can be the preferredapproach whereas in other cases, active response may bepreferred and appropriate. This guide summarizes the principalresp
28、onse techniques available for shoreline, wetland, andterrain habitats.4.2 This guide is intended to minimize the potential foradded impact to the environment from use of response tech-niques in an overly-aggressive manner or in unsuitable condi-tions or habitats.4.3 In Section 5, typical considerati
29、ons, which can limit theapplicability of a given technique are addressed in Constraints.An example that is applicable to all techniques other the naturalrecovery, is special permission will likely be needed for anyresponse operations at sites with known culturally or histori-cally important resource
30、s. Also, in Section 5, a synopsis ofmain trade-offs from use of a particular technique is providedin Environmental Effects.5. Onshore Response Techniques5.1 This section lists and describes those techniques that canbe considered for use in an onshore (shoreline, wetland, orterrestrial) oil spill res
31、ponse. Some of these options mayrequire special consideration and authorization prior to work.Also, some of these techniques have greater personnel andequipment requirements or can generate more waste relative toothers. Tradeoffs need to be considered when selecting anappropriate option(s), particul
32、arly in remote areas. In mostcases, government agencies will be involved in the decision-making process. Government approval may be required forsome techniques, and these are typically considered on acase-by-case basis. Contingency plans should provide for useof a range of techniques. The response t
33、echniques described inthis guide are consistent with Environment Canada, USNOAA, and American Petroleum Institute terminology. (2, 3,4, 5)Natural Recovery 5.2Barriers/Berms 5.3Manual Oil Removal/Cleaning 5.4Mechanical Oil Removal 5.5Sorbents 5.6Vacuums 5.7Debris Removal 5.8Mixing (“dry” or “wet”) 5.
34、9Sediment Relocation 5.10Vegetation Cutting/Removal 5.11Flooding (Deluge) 5.12Low Pressure, Ambient Water Flushing 5.13High Pressure, Ambient Water Flushing 5.14Low Pressure, Warm Water Flushing 5.15High Pressure, Warm Water Flushing 5.16Hot Water, High Pressure Cleaning 5.17Sand Blasting 5.18Solidi
35、fiers 5.19Surface Washing Agents 5.20Nutrient Enrichment 5.21In-Situ Burning 5.22A description of each response technique is discussed inseparate sections below.5.2 Natural Recovery:5.2.1 ObjectiveStranded oil is not removed either tominimize environmental impacts from treatment, because no3The bold
36、face numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.F2204/F2204M 162effective response technique is available, or because predictedimpacts from use of a technique are judged to be unacceptable.In some circumstances, safety concerns can preclude cleanupactivities. O
37、il is left to degrade naturally.5.2.2 DescriptionSite conditions can be monitored forchanges and recovery progress. Prevention of oil remobiliza-tion or migration of oil offsite may need active response.5.2.3 Applicable Habitat TypesCan be used on allshoreline, wetland, or terrestrial habitat types.
38、5.2.4 When to UseWhen natural oil removal rates areacceptable in terms of the resources at risk, when the degree ofoiling is light, or when cleanup actions are likely to result inmore harm than allowing oil to degrade by natural forces.5.2.5 ConstraintsMay be inappropriate for sites used byhigh numb
39、ers of mobile animals (for example, birds,mammals, and crabs) or endangered or threatened species.5.2.6 Environmental EffectsNo effects beyond that of theoil alone.5.2.7 Waste GenerationNone.5.3 Barriers/Berms:5.3.1 ObjectiveTo either physically prevent oil from en-tering into a sensitive area, rest
40、rict water movement, or todivert oil towards a collection area, or a combination thereof.(6)5.3.2 DescriptionA physical barrier is placed across anarea in front of encroaching oil to prevent it from entering asensitive area. Barriers can be earthen berms, trenches, shore-sealing booms, sheet piling,
41、 or filter fences. When passage ofwater is desired, underflow or overflow dams are used. Sheetpiles can be driven into substrates and used to restrict oilleaching from land onto shorelines towards adjacent waterbodies.5.3.3 Applicable Habitat TypesOn most terrain slopes andat the mouths of creeks, s
42、treams, or rivers. For tidal habitats,where a berm can be built above the high-water line to preventoil from over-washing a low shoreline and entering a sensitiveback-beach habitat, such as a lagoon.5.3.4 When to UseWhen sensitive habitats are threatenedand other barrier options are not feasible.5.3
43、.5 ConstraintsDisturbance to bird nesting areas, beaverdams, wetlands, or other sensitive areas should be minimized.Placement of dams, filter fences and sheet pile barriers cancause physical disruption, especially in wetlands and tundrahabitats.5.3.6 Environmental EffectsCan disrupt or increase loca
44、l-ized oiling of substrates and vegetation. Trenching can enhanceoil penetration into substrates and increase the degree ofsubstrate oiling.5.3.7 Waste GenerationOiled barrier substrates and filterfence materials need to be disposed of as oily wastes. Sheetpiles can be removed, cleaned and re-used.
45、Water used forcleaning needs to be collected and treated or disposed. Dis-posal must be in accordance with all applicable regulations.5.4 Manual Oil Removal/Cleaning:5.4.1 ObjectivePhysically remove oil and oily debris withhand tools and manual labor.5.4.2 DescriptionSurface oil and oily debris are
46、removedby manual means (for example, gloved hands, rakes, forks,shovels, sieves, and sorbents) and placed in containers forremoval and subsequent disposal. No mechanized equipment isused except during transfer and transport of waste.5.4.3 Applicable Habitat TypesCan be used for all habitattypes.5.4.
47、4 When to UseGenerally used on areas where smallamounts of oil can be easily removed by non-mechanicalmeans. Most appropriate for light to moderate oiling condi-tions. Manual removal is applicable to viscous oils andweathered oil patches and tar balls.5.4.5 ConstraintsFoot traffic over sensitive are
48、as (forexample, wetlands, shellfish beds, bird nesting areas, dunes)should be limited or restricted. There can be time periods whenaccess is not appropriate (for example, bird nesting, sealpupping, and periods when land habitats are inundated).5.4.6 Environmental EffectsMinimal, if surface distur-ba
49、nce by responders and oily waste management activities arelimited.5.4.7 Waste GenerationCan generate significant amountsof oily substrate and debris, which requires proper disposal ortreatment. Decontamination of tools can yield oily waste waterwhich also requires proper treatment. Worker personal protec-tive equipment can be disposed of daily or decontaminated andre-used. Oily waste water resulting from decontamination mustbe treated properly. Disposal must be in accordance withapplicable regulations.5.5 Mechanical Oil Removal:5.5.1 ObjectiveTo p
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