1、Designation: F2204 09Standard Guide forDescribing Shoreline Response Techniques1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2204; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods of cleaning and remedi-ating shorelines containing stranded oil. The primary goal ofany shoreline countermeasure is to ai
3、d recovery while mini-mizing additional impact.1.2 This guide describes 22 different tactics that are avail-able for consideration. These options range from naturalrecovery to active intervention.1.3 The tactics listed may not be appropriate under allpossible circumstances, and multiple countermeasu
4、res may beappropriate on the same shoreline.1.4 This guide describes technical considerations for select-ing one technique or another, or both.1.5 Selection of specific countermeasures for use during aspill response are guided by the properties of the stranded oil,the degree of oiling, shoreline acc
5、essibility, shoreline geomor-phology, mobility of available equipment, oceanographic andmeteorological conditions, and the presence of sensitive natu-ral and archeological resources. It is advisable to consult withthe appropriate regulatory authorities as certain response op-tions may require govern
6、ment authorization and approval.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of
7、thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1686 Guide for Surveys t
8、o Document and Assess OilingConditions on ShorelinesF1687 Guide for Terminology and Indices to DescribeOiling Conditions on ShorelinesF1872 Guide for Use of Chemical Shoreline CleaningAgents: Environmental and Operational ConsiderationsF2205 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use ofChemical
9、 Dispersants in Oil Spill Response: TropicalEnvironmentsF2532 Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefit ofDispersant Use3. Key Terms3.1 Mixed Sediment BeachesBeaches are described basedon the size of the inorganic sediments (Guide F1687). Thepenetration and retention of oil stranded on a beach
10、 is largelycontrolled by the sediment size. Only light oils (for example, adiesel) can penetrate where sand is present whereas all but themore viscous oils can easily penetrate into a pebble-cobble(“coarse sediment”) beach. Beaches composed of mixed sands,pebbles, and cobbles are sometimes referred
11、to as “gravelbeaches.” The surface layer often has predominantly coarsesediments with increasing amounts of sand in the subsurface.On the mixed-sediment beaches, the coarser fractions (pebblesand cobbles) are infilled with the finer sediments (sands andgranules) so that these beaches are permeable o
12、nly for somemedium oils and all light oils. Pebble-cobble (“coarse sedi-ment”) beaches have open interstitial spaces so that oiltypically penetrates the sediments but can be easily remobi-lized by wave flushing or tidal pumping, or both.3.2 DebrisScattered organic or inorganic materials thathave was
13、hed up onto the shore. These materials are not part ofthe natural shore zone substrate, such as sediments, attachedanimals (for example, mussels or barnacles), live sea grasses,or marsh plants. Accumulations of large logs that have washedashore provide protection against wave action and, in somearea
14、s, are considered to be a critical element of the shore zoneso that a decision to remove oiled logs requires approval fromlocal regulatory agencies.3.3 Hot versus Warm Water WashingWashing oil from asubstrate typically uses ambient (unheated) water pumped fromthe adjacent water body. The removal of
15、sticky or weatheredstranded oil may require an increase in pressure and/ortemperature to be effective. Conventional water heaters raisethe water temperature up to 160F (70C). Hot water heaters or1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response
16、 and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.17 on Shoreline Countermeasures.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F2204 02. DOI:10.1520/F2204-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM webs
17、ite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Stat
18、es.steam generators involve temperatures greater than 160F(70C), typically combine with high-pressure spray systems,require more energy than warm-water heaters, and are onlyapplicable for the removal of small amounts of oil (“spotwashing”) on man-made structures.4. Significance and Use4.1 Once the e
19、xtent and type of shoreline oiling has beendefined and documented using proper procedures (see GuidesF1686 and F1687), decisions are made on the appropriatecourse of action for cleaning and restoration. In some cases,natural recovery may be the preferred approach whereas inother cases, active interv
20、ention may be appropriate. This guidesummarizes the principal response techniques available.4.2 This guide is intended to minimize possible addedimpact to the environment that could result from overly-aggressive cleanup. In some cases, local priorities may dictatethat intensive clean-up methods may
21、be warranted. In all cases,concurrence to use such techniques should be obtained from allthe major stakeholders and must comply with applicableregulations.5. Shoreline Response Options5.1 This section lists and describes those techniques thatmay be considered for use in response to shoreline oiling.
22、Some of these methods could require special consideration andauthorization prior to commencement of work. Also, some ofthese options result in greater waste disposal issues than othersand these need to be considered in selecting the appropriateoption. In most cases, government agencies are involved
23、in thedecision-making process. Government approval may be re-quired for some tactics, and these are typically considered on acase-by-case basis. Contingency plans should provide for arange of response options. The tactics covered in this guide areconsistent with Environment Canada and American Petro
24、leumInstitute terminology.Natural Recovery 5.2Barriers/Berms 5.3Manual Oil Removal/Cleaning 5.4Mechanical Oil Removal 5.5Sorbents 5.6Vacuuming 5.7Debris Removal 5.8Mixing (“dry” or “wet”) 5.9Sediment Relocation 5.10Vegetation Cutting/Removal 5.11Flooding (Deluge) 5.12Low Pressure, Ambient Water Flus
25、hing 5.13High Pressure, Ambient Water Flushing 5.14Low Pressure, Warm Water Flushing 5.15High Pressure, Warm Water Flushing 5.16Hot Water/Steam Cleaning 5.17Sand Blasting 5.18Solidifiers 5.19Shoreline Cleaning Agents 5.20Nutrient Enrichment 5.21Natural Microbial Seeding 5.22In-Situ Burning 5.23A des
26、cription of each shoreline cleanup method is discussedbelow:5.2 Natural Recovery:5.2.1 ObjectiveStranded oil is not removed in order tominimize environmental impacts, or because no effectivemethod for cleanup is available. Oil is left to degrade naturally.5.2.2 DescriptionMonitoring of conditions. M
27、igration ofoil off site may need response.5.2.3 Applicable Habitat TypesCan be used on all habitattypes.5.2.4 When to UseWhen natural removal rates are veryfast, when degree of oiling is light, or when cleanup actions arelikely to result in more harm than allowing the oil to beremoved by natural for
28、ces.5.2.5 Biological ConstraintsMay be inappropriate forareas used by high numbers of mobile animals (birds, marinemammals, crabs, and so forth) or endangered or threatenedspecies.5.2.6 Environmental EffectsNo effects beyond that of theoil alone.5.2.7 Waste GenerationNone.5.3 Barriers/Berms:5.3.1 Ob
29、jectiveTo prevent oil from entering into a sensi-tive area or to divert oil to a collection area.5.3.2 DescriptionA physical barrier is placed across anarea to prevent oil from entering a sensitive area. Barriers canbe earthen berms, trenches, shore-sealing booms, or filterfences. When passage of wa
30、ter must be allowed, underflow oroverflow dams are used.5.3.3 Applicable Habitat TypesAt the mouths of creeks,streams, or rivers. On beaches where a berm can be built abovethe high-water line to prevent oil from overwashing the beachand entering a sensitive back-beach habitat, such as a lagoon.5.3.4
31、 When to UseWhen sensitive habitats are threatenedand other barrier options are not feasible.5.3.5 Biological ConstraintsDisturbance to bird nestingareas, beaver dams, or other sensitive areas must be minimized.Placement of dams and filter fences may cause significantphysical disruptions, especially
32、 in wetlands.5.3.6 Environmental EffectsMay disrupt or oil substrateand vegetation. Trenching may enhance oil penetration andamount of substrate oiling.5.3.7 Waste GenerationSubstrate barriers become oiled.Filter fence materials are disposed as oily wastes. Disposalmust be in accordance with all app
33、licable regulations.5.4 Manual Oil Removal/Cleaning:5.4.1 ObjectiveRemove stranded oil with hand tools andmanual labor.5.4.2 DescriptionSurface oil and oily debris are removedby manual means (for example, hands, rakes, forks, shovels,sieves, and sorbents) and placed in containers for removal fromthe
34、 shoreline for subsequent disposal. No mechanized equip-ment is used except for the transfer and transport of waste.5.4.3 Applicable Habitat TypesCan be used for all habitattypes.5.4.4 When to UseGenerally used on shorelines wheresmall amounts of oil can be easily removed by non-mechanicalmeans. Mos
35、t appropriate for light to moderate oiling condi-tions. Manual removal is applicable to viscous oils andweathered patches or tar balls.5.4.5 Biological ConstraintsFoot traffic over sensitiveareas (for example, wetlands, shellfish beds, algal mats, birdnesting areas, dunes) should be restricted. Ther
36、e may beF2204 092periods when shoreline access is not appropriate (for example,bird nesting, seal pupping).5.4.6 Environmental EffectsMinimal if surface distur-bance by responders and waste generation are limited.5.4.7 Waste GenerationMay generate significant amountsof oily substrate and debris whic
37、h require proper disposal ortreatment. Decontamination of tools may produce oily wastewater that requires proper treatment. Worker personal protec-tive equipment may be disposed of daily or decontaminated.Oily waste water resulting from decontamination must betreated properly. Disposal must be in ac
38、cordance with allapplicable regulations.5.5 Mechanical Oil Removal:5.5.1 ObjectiveTo remove oil from shorelines using me-chanical equipment.5.5.2 DescriptionOil and oiled substrate are removedusing mechanical equipment such as front-end loaders, back-hoes, graders, bulldozers, elevating scrapers, dr
39、edges, andbeach cleaning machines. This method requires systems fortemporary storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal.5.5.3 Applicable Habitat TypesShore types where surfacesubstrates are amenable to and accessible by heavy equipment.5.5.4 When to UseWhen large quantities of oiled materi-als
40、 must be removed. Care should be taken to remove sub-strates only to the depth of oil penetration. This tactic should beused carefully where excessive substrate removal may lead toshoreline erosion. Buried oil recovery may include the removalof clean overburden, removal of oiled substrates, and repl
41、ace-ment of the clean overburden. Vehicle traffic should becontrolled to minimize further oil penetration.5.5.5 Biological ConstraintsHeavy equipment may berestricted in sensitive habitats (for example, wetlands, softsubstrates), during breeding or nesting seasons, or in areascontaining endangered o
42、r threatened species. Special permis-sion is likely to operate in areas with known cultural orhistorical resources. Noise generated by mechanical equipmentmay be a constraint.5.5.6 Environmental EffectsMay be detrimental if exces-sive substrates are removed without replacement. All organ-isms in the
43、 removed substrates are impacted.5.5.7 Waste GenerationCan generate significant amountsof oil substrate and debris that must be cleaned or placed in alandfill. Disposal must be in accordance with all applicableregulations. The amount of waste generated by this methodshould be carefully considered wh
44、en reviewing potential im-pacts of oily wastes, debris, and substrates.5.6 Sorbents:5.6.1 ObjectiveRemove oil by sorbing onto oil-attractingmaterial.5.6.2 DescriptionThe term sorbent applies to both absor-bents and adsorbent materials. The material is placed on theshoreline to sorb oil as it is carr
45、ied in by tidal or wave actionor is used manually to wipe oil from the substrate. Sorbentforms include sausage boom, pads, rolls, sweeps, snares, andgranules. Removal efficiency is dependent on the capacity ofthe sorbent, the wave or tidal energy available to free oil fromthe shoreline, and the oil
46、type and the degree of weathering.Recovery of all sorbent material is required. Loose granularsorbents should be recoverable.5.6.3 Applicable Habitat TypesCan be used on any habitattype.5.6.4 When to UseWhen the oil is floating nearshore orhas stranded onshore. The oil must not be too adherent in or
47、derto be released by the substrate and collected by the sorbent.Sorbents are often used as a secondary treatment method aftergross oil has been removed or in sensitive habitats havingrestricted access. Sorbents are typically not appropriate on ornear high energy or steep shorelines. Sorbents may bre
48、ak apartin high energy conditions. Steep shorelines make recovery ofsorbents difficult.5.6.5 Biological ConstraintsDeploying and retrievingsorbents should not adversely affect wildlife. Sorbents shouldnot be placed in a manner that would endanger or trap wildlife.Sorbents left in place too long may
49、break apart and present aningestion hazard to wildlife. Sorbents can be slow acting onviscous oils.5.6.6 Environmental EffectsDeployment and retrieval cancause physical disturbance to habitats. Improperly deployed ortended sorbents can crush or smother sensitive organisms.5.6.7 Waste GenerationCareful consideration must begiven to the selection and proper use of sorbents. Sorbentsshould be monitored for removal when not being effective atcollecting oil any further. Generation of large amounts oflightly oiled sorbents should be prevented. Rec
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