1、Designation: F 2226 03Standard Practice forDetermining the Adhesion of Prints and Laminating Films1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2226; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for printing a document,applying a laminating film and subsequently delaminating. Thelaminate fil
3、m is used for encapsulating and mounting prints topreserve them in office and outdoor environments.1.2 This practice describes procedures for determining theadhesion strength of lamination film when it is applied to blackand white and color prints produced by printers, copiers andother reprographic
4、devices.1.3 This practice can be used to test different laminates witha given set of inks and media or it can be used to evaluate inksand media with a given laminate.1.4 This practice specifies size of specimens and definesconditions for measurement of peel adhesion at a 180 angleand delamination sp
5、eed.1.5 This practice is applicable to constructions where thesubstrate surface is subject to failure under peel conditions.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all o
6、f thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 high temperature laminationlam
7、ination at tempera-ture not lower than 80C (180F). The maximum appliedtemperature is 115 to 121C (240 to 250F).2.1.2 lamination filmplastic film having an adhesive layeron one side. The film can be glossy, semi-glossy, or matte andcontain additives modifying its optical properties. The filmusually h
8、as a thickness between 25 to 250 (1 to 10 mils).2.1.3 low temperature laminationlamination at room tem-perature with applied pressure mostly to mounting board usinga pressure-sensitive adhesive.2.1.4 mounting boardpaperboard, plastic board, or anysupporting board, which could be used to display prin
9、ts.2.1.5 printed mediarecording elements used by printers toreceive inks or toners. The substrate may be paper, plastic,canvas, fabric, or other ink receptive material. The substratemay, or not, be coated with an ink receptive layer(s).2.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.2.1 adhesio
10、n strength of a laminateload per unit neces-sary to remove the laminate from a prescribed surface whenmeasured in accordance with this test method.2.2.2 delaminating/debondingseparation of a laminatingfilm from a printed media.2.2.3 kinetic peakload per unit presenting the maximumforce that occurs d
11、uring the average time during the peel test.See Fig. 1.2.2.4 peel or stripping strengththe average load per unitwidth of sample required to separate or peel the laminate fromthe printed media at the adhered interface at a separation angleof approximately 180 and at a separation rate of preferably308
12、 mm (12 in.) per minute. It is expressed in Newtons permeter width, grams per inch width, or ounces per inch width.2.2.5 root-mean-square (RMS)a mathematical treatmentof the force data intended to qualify the extent to which thevalue deviates about its average value.2.2.6 static peakload per unit pr
13、esenting the maximumforce that occurs during the delay time before starting the peeltest. See Fig. 1.2.2.7 valleyload per unit presenting minimum force dur-ing the average time under kinetic conditions. See Fig. 1.3. Summary of Practice3.1 Coated or uncoated substrate is printed under standardcondit
14、ions using four primary, three secondary colors andcomposite black. Eight color strips 2.54 mm wide and oneunprinted are generated.3.2 The prints having eight color strips are conditioned(preferably for 24 h) and subsequently laminated.3.3 The laminated prints are conditioned (preferably for 24h), c
15、ut into 25.4-mm strips and subsequently delaminated.3.4 Comparative studies require testing under well-definedconditions.4. Significance and Use4.1 The image life of printed media displayed in bothtypical office and outdoor environments can be extended bylamination or encapsulation. While natural ag
16、ing is the mostreliable method of assessing lamination adhesion, the length of1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.03 onResearch.Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2003. Published March 2003.1Co
17、pyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the time required makes this method impractical for mostmaterials. The peel strength method allows comparative stud-ies of prints and laminating films.4.2 Good adhesion is prime considerat
18、ion for laminatingfilms and prints. A laminating film, which does not adhere to aprint or vice versa generally, has no commercial value. Thismethod is used to obtain comparative data of peel strength ofencapsulated or laminated media.4.3 Peel strength can be measured up to a point where thepeel stre
19、ngth is equal to the tensile strength of the adhesive orthe print.4.4 In many applications, having sufficient laminate adhe-sion strength is important to give satisfactory performance. Theproperty is also important in determining the uniformity ofquality.4.5 A rough or raspy peel test will produce a
20、 higher RMSvalue than one that is smooth and continuous. It can be relatedto “zippering,” “shocking,” or “stick-slip.”4.6 Bond Strength and Interfacial AdhesionThe bondstrength of a laminate essentially depends on both the adhesiveand the cohesive strength of the laminating system. Peelstrength of t
21、he laminate is typically determined by debondingthe laminate using 180 peel test. Fig. 2 presents five possiblemodes of failure: (1) debonding of the ink receptive underlayerfrom the substrate (2) debonding of the ink receptive top layerfrom the underlayer, (3) debonding of the adhesive from thetop
22、ink receptive surface, (4) debonding the adhesive from thelaminating film, (5) the substrate or film failure tear. The failureof the laminate will occur at its weakest link. It is generallyFIG. 1 Data TraceFIG. 2 Modes of Laminate FailureF2226032desirable to have high bond strength to the recording
23、elementwith failure occurring where the adhesive debonds from the inkreceptive.5. Interferences5.1 Since the ability of laminating film to adhere to printedmedia is dependent on temperature and humidity, it is impor-tant that lamination be assessed under the conditions appropri-ate to the end use ap
24、plications. While printed media may behandled and displayed under a variety of conditions, this testpractice is intended to measure peel strength in typical officeenvironments.5.2 It is recognized that the peel strength of the laminate tothe printed media is dependent on toner or ink color, toner or
25、ink load, temperature and relative humidity. Additionally, it isdependent on the substrate, type and coat weight of absorptivelayer and the colorant type (dye versus pigment). Conse-quently, test results must be determined individually for eachprinted recording media/laminate.5.3 The peel strength o
26、f the laminate is dependent onlamination temperature and should be tested at the manufac-turers recommended temperature for the best performance.5.4 Using a laminating film thicker than 75 (3 mil) cancreate a problem in obtaining a 180 angle at the start of thetest. A starting angle of less than 180
27、 can significantly changethe peel speed and mostly lead to delamination from thesupport instead of the coating (tearing of paper base).5.5 The variation in recording and laminating elementsrequires carrying out comparative tests under well-definedconditions.5.6 Because these measurements concern sur
28、faces, theircondition is critical to the values obtained. Be sure to keep allprint surfaces clean and free from contaminants, includingfingerprints.5.7 One of the most significant (and occasionally ignored)influences on peel values is the time that elapses fromlamination until the test is performed.
29、 Values can change by100 % depending on this “aging.” Peel tests intrinsicallyproduce quite a bit of data scatter from test to test. Keep a closewatch on the results to be sure that your results are trulyrepresentative of your materials. Kinetic Peak and Valleyprovide important information about uni
30、formity of laminationof the tested specimen.5.8 Paper media have a tendency to tear the support afterinitial delamination from the bonding interface. It is welldocumented that at the same coat weight of ink receivingmaterial, lighter paper media have higher tendency to supportfailure than heavier on
31、es. Static Peak can be very useful inevaluation lamination performance of paper media. It is rec-ommended to use Static Peak values to compare media havingpaper base failure. Additionally, it can also be used in evalu-ating media having delamination from the bonding interface.Media having paper fail
32、ure but high Static Peak values areconsidered superior than media delaminated from the bondinterface but having low peel strength.5.9 Reducing laminating temperature could eliminate papermedia failure. Lower laminating temperature reduces bondingstrength between media and the laminate. In most cases
33、, paperfailure occurs when the laminate bonding strength is very high.PRINTING6. Test Specimen6.1 The substrate, method of printing, ink or toner lay down,and handling of printed specimens shall be consistent with theiranticipated end use.6.2 The test image may be generated with personal com-puter u
34、sing drawing/graphics, or page layout software able togenerate composite black, saved as print file for each printer/method of printing (contributing its unique ink and ink/receiverinteractions that may impact lamination.) Each print file shouldhave its filename, type, and version identified in the
35、image areaand a place for experimental notes, for example, time, printer,environmental conditions, operator. The printer setting and atrial print of each print file version should be archived.6.3 The recommended test image should consist of threeprimary and three secondary color strips (25.4 by 215.
36、9 mm)plus a non-printed strip (25.4 by 215.9 mm). The colors shouldbe printed in parallel in the following order: black (K), cyan,magenta, yellow, blue, green, red, white, composite black (C).6.4 It is recommend to print in landscape mode having the25.4-mm strips perpendicular to paper machine direc
37、tion.6.5 The test image used in comparison printers or inks(media laminated with the same film) should provide the samecolor elements.7. Procedure7.1 Preparation of PrinterWhen using an ink jet printer,print heads should be aligned, calibrated and checked for anynozzle clogging. Nozzle failure will
38、reduce the ink lay downand can change peel strength.7.2 The color strips printed should be generated using printfiles containing the appropriate printer setup specific for eachapplication.7.3 It is recommended that the color strip be printed asPostscript 3 file without color corrections using standa
39、rd inkload limits or media selection. The printing mode is dependenton media type such as glossy photo, semi-glossy, paper bond,heavy-coated bond, and so forth.7.4 Printing mode of the test image should be the same asrecommended for media applications and available associatedliterature or a flyer.7.
40、5 Potential variables, such as temperature and relativehumidity, must be monitored and controlled to guard againstsample-induced changes.7.6 Printing should be carried out at 23C and 50 % relativehumidity.7.7 Printing can be done at extreme conditions such as15C, 20 % relative humidity and 38C, 80 %
41、 relative humid-ity, but information about these conditions should be recordedwith the lamination data.8. Conditioning8.1 It is recommended that samples be conditioned at 23Cand 50 % relative humidity for at least 24 h prior to printingand for at least 24 h subsequent to lamination. Specimensshould
42、be visually inspected for color uniformity and surfaceirregularities, which could adversely affect color densities andsubsequently lamination.F22260338.2 The above conditioning step is pertinent only wheremedia evaluation or comparison is needed. Obviously, as aproduction tool, the conditioning peri
43、od is not practical.Therefore, when media are coated in production, the specimensshould be obtained from each roll and checked as soon aspossible in a repeatable procedure appropriate to the operation.It is imperative that operators use caution in selecting andpreparing specimens to maintain good un
44、iformity.LAMINATION9. Apparatus9.1 A laminator used for continuous laminating, mountingand encapsulating. The laminator should have precise tempera-ture control and different operating speeds to ensure thatoutgassing from inks does not effect adhesion or cause bubblesin the print. The laminator shou
45、ld:9.2 Be capable of applying heat-activated or pressure-sensitive materials, or a combination of both.9.3 Have an infinitely variable nip opening for all materialsup to 40 mm (1.5 in.).9.4 Have a digital or analog readout of speed.9.5 Downward pressure and vacuum table are recom-mended.10. Procedur
46、e10.1 The print samples should be laminated 24 h afterprinting. The actual lamination time after printing should bepresented in the report.10.2 Before lamination, a strip of paper (50.8 by 216 mm)should be placed vertically on the top of a portion of the printedtest pattern for each of the colors. A
47、bout half of paper stripshould cover the printed area and the other half should coverthe unprinted area. This procedure allows the free end of thetest specimen to be separated.10.3 Laminating films that are 75 (3 mil) thick should beused for comparison purposes. Thicker films: 125, 175, and250 (5, 7
48、, and 10 mils) make it difficult to obtain the 180Cangle required in the test. At lower angles the film has atendency to rip the support instead of delaminating from thecoating. Films that are 25 or 50 (1 or 2 mil) thick have atendency to elongate affecting the peel speed.10.4 The temperature of the
49、 upper and lower rollers oflaminator should be measured by infrared sensor and recorded.For precise measured and repeatability of the test, the differ-ence between set up temperature and laminating rollers tem-perature should not be higher than 65C.10.5 Speed of lamination for paper media having baseweight in the range 90 to 170 gms should be 0.9 m/min (3ft/min). Lower or higher speed can be used depending on filmthickness, paper base weight, and lamination temperature.10.6 Lamination pressure can be expressed as a half crankor bars (psi) value if a
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