1、Designation: F 2248 03Standard Practice forSpecifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loadingfor Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with LaminatedGlass1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2248; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONHistorical records show that fragments from glazing that has failed a
3、s the result of intentional oraccidental explosions present a serious threat of personal injury. Glazing failure also allows blastpressure to enter the interior of buildings thus resulting in additional threat of personal injury andfacility damage. This standard practice provides a means for designe
4、rs to determine equivalent3-second duration design loadings with which they can size blast resistant glazing comprised oflaminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass, or both. Blast resistant glazingsystems of this genre can reduce the number and size of glass fragments in an
5、explosion as well asreducing greatly or eliminating blast pressure that enters buildings when an explosion occurs.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth a method to specify an equiva-lent 3-second design loading suitable to use with PracticeE 1300 to select the thickness and type of blast resistantgla
6、zing fabricated with laminated glass to glaze a fenestration.1.2 This practice applies to blast resistant glazing fabricatedusing laminated glass only, including single laminated glassand insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass.1.3 This practice assumes that blast resistant glazing shallbe
7、adhered to its supporting frame using structural siliconesealant or adhesive glazing tape. The width of the structuralsilicone sealant bead shall be at least equal to but not largerthan two times the thickness designation of the glass to whichit adheres. The width of glazing tape shall be at least e
8、qual totwo times but not more than four times the thickness designa-tion of the glass to which it adheres.1.4 This practice assumes the framing members shall re-strict deflections of edges of blast resistant glazing they supportto L/160 under the equivalent 3-second duration design loadingas determi
9、ned herein, where L denotes the length of thesupported edge.1.5 This practice assumes the framing system supporting theblast resistant glazing shall attach mechanically to the struc-tural framing system with fasteners that will resist forcesgenerated by a uniform load acting on the blast resistantgl
10、azing that has a magnitude at least 2.0 times the magnitude ofthe 3-second equivalent design load as determined herein.1.6 The equivalent 3-second design load as determinedherein shall not apply to the design of monolithic glazing,plastic glazing, or security film applied to existing glazingconfigur
11、ations in an attempt to achieve blast resistance.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Values given in parentheses are for information only.For conversion of quantities in various systems of measure-ments to SI units refer to ANSI IEEE/SI 10.1.8 This standard does not
12、purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
13、C 1036 Specification for Flat Glass2C 1048 Specification for Heat-Treated Flat Glass-Kind HS,Kind FT Coated and Uncoated Glass2C 1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural FlatGlass2C 1422 Specification for Chemically Strengthened FlatGlass2E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions31This pract
14、ice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on SecuritySystems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.10 onSystems Products and Services.Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2003. Published Aug. 2003.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Stan
15、dards, Vol 04.11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glassin Buildings3F 1642 Test Method for Glazing and Glazing SystemsSubject to Airblast Loadings32.2 ANSI Standard:4I
16、EEE/SI 10 Use of the International System of Units (SI):(The Modernized Metric System)23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blast resistant glazing, nglazing that provides pro-tection against air blast pressure generated by explosions.3.1.2 design load, nmagnitude in kPa (psf) of 3-secondduration uni
17、formly distributed lateral pressure.3.1.3 equivalent TNT charge mass, nmass of TNT placedon the ground in a hemisphere that represents the designexplosive threat.NOTE 1If a different high explosive material comprises the designthreat, tables exist to convert its mass to an equivalent TNT mass. Refer
18、to Test Method F 1642, for example.3.1.4 glass breakage, nthe fracture of any lite or ply inmonolithic, laminated, or insulating glass.3.1.5 glass types:3.1.5.1 annealed (AN) glass, na flat, monolithic, glass liteof uniform thickness where the residual surface stresses arenearly zero as defined in S
19、pecification C 1036.3.1.5.2 chemically strengthened glass, nglass that hasbeen strengthened by ion-exchange to produce a compressivestress at the treated surface as defined in Specification C 1422.3.1.5.3 fully tempered (FT) glass, na flat, monolithic,glass plate of uniform thickness made from annea
20、led glasssubjected to a special heat treatment process whereby theresidual surface compression is not less than 69 MPa (10 000psi) or the edge compression not less than 67 MPa (9700 psi)as defined in Specification C 1048.3.1.5.4 heat strengthened (HS) glass, na flat, monolithic,glass lite of uniform
21、 thickness that has been subjected to aspecial process where the residual surface compression is notless than 24 MPa (3500 psi) or greater than 52 MPa (7500 psi)as defined in Specification C 1048.3.1.5.5 insulating glass (IG), nconsists of any combina-tion of two glass lites that enclose a sealed sp
22、ace filled with airor other gas.3.1.5.6 laminated glass, na flat lite of uniform thicknessconsisting of two monolithic glass plies bonded together withan interlayer material as defined in Specification C 1172.3.1.5.7 DiscussionMany different interlayer materials areused in laminated glass. The infor
23、mation in this practiceapplies only to laminated glass fabricated with polyvinylbutyral (PVB) interlayers.NOTE 2Laminated glass fabricated with annealed or heat strength-ened glass plies will provide better blast resistant performance than willlaminated glass fabricated with fully tempered or chemic
24、ally strength-ened, or both, glass plies.3.1.6 glazing, ntransparent, translucent, or opaque mate-rials used for windows, doors, or other panels.3.1.7 glazing system, nthe assembly comprised of theglazing, its framing system, and anchorage devices.3.1.8 lateral, adjperpendicular to the glass surface
25、.3.1.9 load, na uniformly distributed lateral pressure.3.1.10 probability of breakage (Pb), nthe fraction of glasslites or plies that would break at the first occurrence of aspecified design load, typically expressed in lites per 1000.3.1.11 standoff distance, nthe distance from the glazingsurface t
26、o the hemispherical high explosive charge, measuredperpendicular to the glazing surface.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice facilitates the determination of a 3-secondduration design load associated with a specified weight of ahemispherical TNT charge located at a specified distance froma buildi
27、ng fenestration.4.2 The design load shall be used in conjunction withPractice E 1300 to select the thickness(es) and glass type(s) forblast resistant glazing comprised of single laminated glass orinsulating glass fabricated with laminated glass.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice provides a des
28、ign load suitable for sizingblast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulat-ing glass fabricated with laminated glass.5.2 Blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass orinsulating glass fabricated with laminated glass shall be sizedto resist the 3-second duration equivalent d
29、esign loading fromthis standard practice using the procedures described in Prac-tice E 1300.5.3 Blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass orinsulating glass fabricated with laminated glass sized using the3-second design loading determined from this practice willfracture safely in the even
30、t of a blast, thus reducing thepotential for personal injury, structural and non-structuralbuilding damage, and cleanup costs should an explosion occur.5.4 In the event a blast loading never occurs to blastresistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulatingglass fabricated with laminated gl
31、ass sized using the 3-secondduration loading determined herein, the blast resistant glazingwill have a probability of breakage less than or equal to 8 litesper 1000 at the first occurrence of a loading equal to the3-second duration design loading determined herein.6. Determination of Equivalent 3-Se
32、cond DurationDesign Loading6.1 The chart in Fig. 1 relates the mass of an equivalenthemispherical TNT charge (sloping lines), its standoff distancefrom a fenestration (horizontal axes), and a 3-second durationdesign load (vertical axes) suitable for selecting the thick-ness(es) and glass type(s) of
33、single laminated glass or insulat-ing glass fabricated with laminated glass.6.2 In Fig. 1 project a vertical line from the point along thehorizontal axes that represent standoff distance between thehigh explosive charge and the fenestration to be glazed withblast resistant glazing.4Available from Am
34、erican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.F22480326.3 From the intersection of the vertical line with thesloping line representing equivalent TNT mass, project ahorizontal line. For equivalent TNT masses not represented bysloping lines, the user shall i
35、nterpolate between the lines.6.4 Read the 3-second duration design load from the verticalaxes, interpolating as necessary.7. Report7.1 Report the following:7.1.1 Date of calculation,7.1.2 Mass of hemispherical TNT charge size,7.1.3 Distance of charge from fenestration, and7.1.4 Magnitude of the 3-se
36、cond duration equivalent designloading.8. Precision and Bias8.1 Precision and BiasNo statement is made concerningeither the precision or bias of this practice since the resultmerely states whether a glazing or glazing system can resist anairblast loading.9. Keywords9.1 air blast pressure; blast resi
37、stant glazing; explosion;insulating glass; laminated glass; specified design loadASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the va
38、lidity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your co
39、mments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments hav
40、e not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple
41、 copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 1 Graphical Relationship Between Standoff Distance, TNT Charge Mass, and 3-Second Equivalent Design LoadF2248033
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