1、Designation: F2248 09Standard Practice forSpecifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loadingfor Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with LaminatedGlass1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2248; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONHistorical records show that fragments from glazing that has failed as t
3、he result of intentional oraccidental explosions present a serious threat of personal injury. Glazing failure also allows blastpressure to enter the interior of buildings thus resulting in additional threat of personal injury andfacility damage. This standard practice provides a means for designers
4、to determine equivalent3-second duration design loadings with which they can size blast resistant glazing comprised oflaminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass, or both. Blast resistant glazingsystems of this genre can reduce the number and size of glass fragments in an exp
5、losion as well asreducing greatly or eliminating blast pressure that enters buildings when an explosion occurs.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth a method to specify an equiva-lent 3-second design loading suitable to use with PracticeE1300 to select the thickness and type of blast resistant glazin
6、gfabricated with laminated glass to glaze a fenestration. Glassplies used to construct laminated glass are recommended to beeither annealed or heat strengthened glass.1.2 This practice applies to blast resistant glazing fabricatedusing laminated glass only, including single laminated glassand insula
7、ting glass fabricated with laminated glass. As aminimum, insulating glass shall use laminated glass for theinboard (protected side) lite.1.3 This practice assumes that blast resistant glazing shallbe adhered to its supporting frame using structural siliconesealant or adhesive glazing tape. The width
8、 of the structuralsilicone sealant bead shall be at least equal to the larger of10-mm (38-in.) or the thickness designation of the glass towhich it adheres but not larger than two times the thicknessdesignation of the glass to which it adheres. The minimumthickness of the structural silicone bead sh
9、all be 5-mm (316-in.). The width of glazing tape shall be at least equal to twotimes but not more than four times the thickness designation ofthe glass to which it adheres. The width of silicone or glazingtape is referred to as bite and is shown and discussed in GuideC1564.1.4 This practice assumes
10、that the structural silicone bead orglazing tape is applied to both sides of single lite laminatedglass but need only be applied to the inboard side (protectedside) of insulating glass.1.5 This practice assumes the framing members shall re-strict deflections of edges of blast resistant glazing they
11、supportto L/60 under 2.03 the load resistance of the blast resistantglazing for inward loading, where L denotes the length of thesupported edge.1.6 This practice assumes the framing system supporting theblast resistant glazing shall attach mechanically to the struc-tural framing system. The system s
12、hall be designed to ensurethat the glazing fails prior to the framing system that supportsthe glazing and its attachment to the structural framing system.The fasteners that attach the framing system that supports theglazing to the structural framing system shall be designed toresist a uniform load a
13、cting on the blast resistant glazing thathas a magnitude of at least:1.6.1 Two (2.0) times the magnitude of the load resistanceof the blast resistant glazing if the maximum air blast pressureis greater than one half the magnitude of the load resistance ofthe blast resistant glazing, or1.6.2 One (1.0
14、) times the magnitude of the load resistance ofthe blast resistant glazing if the maximum air blast pressure isless than one half the magnitude of the load resistance of theblast resistant glazing.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on SecuritySystems and Equipment and is
15、the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.10 onSystems Products and Services.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F2248 03. DOI:10.1520/F2248-09.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.7 Blast resistant glazing designed using this practicerecommends the use of annealed or heat strengthened glassplies for the laminated glass. Blast testing has shown that useof fully tempered glass plies, when fractured during a blasteve
17、nt, have poorer post blast performance than annealled orheat strengthened glass plies. Laminated glass fabricated withfully tempered glass plies has a tendency to leave the support-ing glazing system frame after fracture whereas laminatedglass fabricated with annealed or heat strengthened glass plie
18、swill remain in the frame and absorb remaining load throughtensile membrane behavior. Use of the annealed or heatstrengthened glass plies will also reduce the amount of loadtransferred into the structure.1.8 The equivalent 3-second design load as determinedherein shall not apply to the design of mon
19、olithic glazing,plastic glazing, or security film applied to existing glazingconfigurations in an attempt to achieve blast resistance.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Values given in parentheses are for information only.For conversion of quantities in various syst
20、ems of measure-ments to SI units refer to ANSI IEEE/SI 10.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bi
21、lity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1036 Specification for Flat GlassC1048 Specification for Heat-Treated Flat GlassKind HS,Kind FT Coated and Uncoated GlassC1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat GlassC1422 Specification for Chemicall
22、y Strengthened FlatGlassC1564 Guide for Use of Silicone Sealants for ProtectiveGlazing SystemsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glassin BuildingsF1642 Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Sub-ject to Airblast Loadings2.2 ANSI Standard:
23、3IEEE/SI 10 Use of the International System of Units (SI):(The Modernized Metric System)23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blast resistant glazing, nglazing that provides pro-tection against air blast pressure generated by explosions.3.1.2 design load, nmagnitude in kPa (psf) of 3-secondduration u
24、niformly distributed lateral pressure.3.1.3 equivalent TNT charge mass, nmass of TNT placedon the ground in a hemisphere that represents the designexplosive threat.NOTE 1If a different high explosive material comprises the designthreat, tables exist to convert its mass to an equivalent TNT mass. Ref
25、erto Test Method F1642, for example.3.1.4 glass breakage, nthe fracture of any lite or ply inmonolithic, laminated, or insulating glass.3.1.5 glass types:3.1.5.1 annealed (AN) glass, na flat, monolithic, glass liteof uniform thickness where the residual surface stresses arenearly zero as defined in
26、Specification C1036.3.1.5.2 chemically strengthened glass, nglass that hasbeen strengthened by ion-exchange to produce a compressivestress at the treated surface as defined in Specification C1422.3.1.5.3 fully tempered (FT) glass, na flat, monolithic,glass plate of uniform thickness made from anneal
27、ed glasssubjected to a special heat treatment process whereby theresidual surface compression is not less than 69 MPa (10 000psi) or the edge compression not less than 67 MPa (9700 psi)as defined in Specification C1048.3.1.5.4 heat strengthened (HS) glass, na flat, monolithic,glass lite of uniform t
28、hickness that has been subjected to aspecial process where the residual surface compression is notless than 24 MPa (3500 psi) or greater than 52 MPa (7500 psi)as defined in Specification C1048.3.1.5.5 insulating glass (IG), nconsists of any combina-tion of two glass lites that enclose a sealed space
29、 filled with airor other gas.3.1.5.6 laminated glass, na flat lite of uniform thicknessconsisting of two monolithic glass plies bonded together withan interlayer material as defined in Specification C1172.3.1.5.7 DiscussionMany different interlayer materials areused in laminated glass. The informati
30、on in this practiceapplies only to laminated glass fabricated with polyvinylbutyral (PVB) interlayers.3.1.6 glazing, ntransparent, translucent, or opaque lami-nated glass used for windows, doors, or other panels.3.1.7 glazing system, nthe assembly comprised of theglazing, its framing system, and anc
31、horage devices.3.1.8 lateral, adjperpendicular to the glass surface.3.1.9 load, na uniformly distributed lateral pressure.3.1.10 load resistance, nthe 3-second duration uniformlateral load that a glass construction can sustain associated witha probability of breakage of 8 L per 1000 as determined fr
32、omPractice E1300.3.1.11 probability of breakage (Pb), nthe fraction of glasslites or plies that would break at the first occurrence of aspecified design load, typically expressed in lites per 1000.3.1.12 standoff distance, nthe distance from the glazingsurface to the centroid of a hemispherical high
33、 explosivecharge.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice facilitates the determination of a 3-secondduration design load associated with a specified weight of ahemispherical TNT charge located at a specified standoffdistance from a building fenestration.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
34、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
35、F2248 0924.2 The design load shall be used in conjunction withPractice E1300 to select the thickness(es) and glass type(s) forblast resistant glazing comprised of a single lite of laminatedglass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice provides a d
36、esign load suitable for sizingblast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulat-ing glass fabricated with laminated glass.5.2 Blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass orinsulating glass fabricated with laminated glass shall be sizedto resist the 3-second duration equivalent
37、 design loading fromthis standard practice using the procedures described in Prac-tice E1300.5.3 Blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass orinsulating glass fabricated with laminated glass sized using the3-second design loading determined from this practice willfracture safely in the eve
38、nt of a blast, thus reducing thepotential for personal injury, structural and non-structuralbuilding damage, and cleanup costs should an explosion occur.5.4 In the event a blast loading never occurs to blastresistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulatingglass fabricated with laminated g
39、lass sized using the 3-secondduration loading determined herein, the blast resistant glazingwill have a probability of breakage less than or equal to 8 litesper 1000 at the first occurrence of a loading equal to the3-second duration design loading determined herein.5.5 Blast resistant glazing design
40、ed to resist the 3-secondequivalent load as determined herein, properly supported, willperform to minimal hazard as defined in Test Method F1642.6. Determination of Equivalent 3-Second DurationDesign Loading6.1 The chart in Fig. 1 relates the mass of an equivalenthemispherical TNT charge (sloping li
41、nes), its standoff distancefrom a fenestration (horizontal axes), and a 3-second durationdesign load (vertical axes) suitable for selecting the thick-ness(es) and glass type(s) of single laminated glass or insulat-ing glass fabricated with laminated glass.6.2 In Fig. 1 project a vertical line from t
42、he point along thehorizontal axes that represent standoff distance between thehigh explosive charge and the fenestration to be glazed withblast resistant glazing.6.3 From the intersection of the vertical line with thesloping line representing equivalent TNT mass, project ahorizontal line. For equiva
43、lent TNT masses not represented bysloping lines, the user shall interpolate between the lines.6.4 Read the 3-second duration design load from the verticalaxes, interpolating as necessary.7. Report7.1 Report the following:7.1.1 Date of calculation,7.1.2 Mass of hemispherical TNT charge size,FIG. 1 Gr
44、aphical Relationship Between Standoff Distance, TNT Charge Mass, and 3-Second Equivalent Design LoadF2248 0937.1.3 Standoff distance of charge from fenestration, and7.1.4 Magnitude of the 3-second duration equivalent designloading.8. Precision and Bias8.1 Precision and BiasNo statement is made conce
45、rningeither the precision or bias of this practice since the resultmerely states whether a glazing or glazing system can resist anairblast loading.9. Keywords9.1 air blast pressure; blast resistant glazing; explosion;insulating glass; laminated glass; specified design loadASTM International takes no
46、 position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own respons
47、ibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed t
48、o ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the add
49、ress shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F2248 094
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