1、Designation: F2278 10aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forEvaluating Paintball Barrier Netting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2278; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis standard is intended to provide a basic test method that would allow the user to determine theeffectiveness of pa
3、intball barrier netting. The use of safe paintball barrier netting at paintball playingfacilities is critical to protect non-players from accidental impact of a paintball.This specification is written within the current state-of-the-art of paintball barrier nettingtechnology. The intent is to revise
4、 this specification whenever substantive information becomesavailable which justifies revising existing requirements or adding new requirements.1. Scope1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate paintball barriernetting that may be used to delineate playing fields, chrono-graph areas, target range
5、s, and other “goggle-on” areas of anactive paintball site. An apparatus is suggested to evaluatepaintball barrier netting in a laboratory. On site testing does notrequire such an apparatus.1.2 This standard is designed to be used in conjunction withGuide F2184.1.3 The values stated in SI units are t
6、o be regarded as thestandard; the inch-pound units in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
7、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1979 Specification for Paintballs Used in the Sport ofPaintballF2184 Guide for Installation of Paintball Barrier NettingF2272 Specification for Paintball Markers3. Terminol
8、ogy3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 caliber, nthe term used to refer to the size of apaintball projectile. Related to the measurement of the diam-eter of the paintball as described in Specification F1979.3.1.2 “goggles-on” area, nareas in which all persons arerequired to wear
9、 paintball goggles, such as and not limited toplaying fields, game areas, chronograph areas, and targetranges.3.1.3 muzzle, nthe end of the paintball marker throughwhich the paintball is discharged, also referred to as the end ofthe barrel.3.1.4 paintball, na spherical ball comprised of a shell anda
10、 fill, designed to be expelled from a paintball marker andconforms to Specification F1979.3.1.5 paintball barrier netting, nnetting used in the sportof paintball as a protective barrier.3.1.6 paintball marker, na device specifically designed todischarge paintballs. The device is sometimes referred t
11、o as apaintball gun.3.1.7 playing field, nan area delineated by a boundarymarker, in which paintball games are conducted.3.1.8 shell, na rigid to semi-rigid material (generally ofgelatin) that encapsulates the fill of a paintball.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on S
12、portsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.24 onPaintball and Equipment.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2278 10. DOI:10.1520/F2278-10a.2For referenced ASTM sta
13、ndards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
14、 PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.9 standard ambient temperature (SAT), nused to de-scribe a substance at a temperature of 25 6 2C (77 6 4F).4. Significance and Use4.1 This method is performed to evaluate if paintball barriernetting will prevent an intact paintball or shell fragmentsexceeding 3 by 5
15、 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) from passingthrough the netting.4.2 This test method provides accurate results about thecurrent effectiveness of the test specimen when field-tested inan existing installation. Laboratory results are particularlyuseful for testing the relative effectiveness of multiple tests
16、pecimens.4.3 The results stemming from the use of this test methodmay be used to evaluate the effectiveness of paintball barriernetting represented by the test specimen for use in delineating“goggles-on” areas found at paintball playing fields.4.4 The base procedure outlined below is applicable to“f
17、ield-testing.” Additional requirements for “laboratory” test-ing are noted.5. Interferences5.1 Laboratory testing does not account for variations thatcan be found in field tests. These variations include and are notlimited to temperature, UV exposure, wind direction, precipi-tation, and method of in
18、stallation.5.1.1 This test method is also useful to evaluate the relativeperformance of one test specimen to another, particularly in thelaboratory.6. Apparatus6.1 Paintball Marker or Markers, of various calibers, ca-pable of discharging paintballs horizontally at a speed of 94.56 6 m/s (310 6 20 ft
19、/s) and conforming to SpecificationF2272.6.2 Paintballs, of the required calibers, per SpecificationF1979.6.3 Equipment employed to measure the speed of the testpaintball shall be used in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions to measure the velocity of paintballs and shall beaccurate to with
20、in 60.5 m/s (61.6 ft/s) muzzle velocity.6.4 An appropriate backstop placed 30.5 6 2.5 cm (12 6 1in.) directly behind and parallel to the test specimen. Thebackstop shall be a minimum of 244 6 5cm(966 2 in.) highand 122 6 5cm(486 2 in.). The backstop shall be a hard,smooth surface that can withstand
21、the impact of a paintball andcan be readily cleaned (see Fig. 1).6.5 If testing in a laboratory, the following apparatus shallbe used:6.5.1 Paintball Barrier Netting Rack, see Figs. 2 and 3. Thisrack is capable of holding the 244 6 5cm(966 2 in.) testspecimen off the floor and providing vertical sup
22、port 122 6 1cm (48 6 0.5 in.) apart at the center of the test specimen (seeFigs. 2 and 3). The bottom crossbar must have a minimumlength of 2.74 m (108 in.) and a weight of 5.6 6 0.1 kg (12.36 0.2 lb).7. Hazards7.1 Failure of the test specimen, particularly if an intactpaintball passes through the t
23、est specimen, will render the testspecimen unusable until the test specimen is repaired orreplaced.8. Test Specimen8.1 The test specimen shall consist of paintball barriernetting installed in actual use conditions, or8.2 For laboratory test only:8.2.1 The top of the test specimen is draped over the
24、topcrossbar and fastened to itself with tie-wraps spaced 15.2 6 1cm (6 6 0.5 in.) apart. The tie-wraps must encircle the topcrossbar.8.2.2 The bottom of the test specimen is draped over thebottom crossbar (on the same side as the top) and fastened toitself with tie-wraps spaced 15.2 6 1cm(66 0.5 in.
25、) apart,such that the overall length of the test specimen, including thepipes, is 244 6 5cm(966 2 in.). The tie-wraps must encirclethe bottom crossbar.8.2.3 The test specimen is suspended on the test rack withthe paintball barrier netting flush, against the test rack and nottouching the floor.8.3 Th
26、e test specimen shall have a minimum horizontaldimension of 305 6 5 cm (120 6 2 in.) and a minimumvertical dimension of 244 6 5cm(966 2 in.).9. Conditioning9.1 The paintball barrier netting to be tested will be condi-tioned for at least 4 h. If tested in a laboratory, the paintballbarrier netting wi
27、ll be conditioned at SAT.9.2 All testing shall be done using paintballs manufacturedwithin the previous eight months.9.3 Paintball storage and the non-test handling shall be doneat a relative humidity below 65 % and at SAT.9.4 Paintballs shall be conditioned in their original sealedcontainer for at
28、least4hatthehumidity and temperaturespecified in 9.1.9.5 The testing shall be conducted at SAT for laboratorytests. Testing shall be completed within 10 min after removal ofthe paintball from the sealed container. The paintball containershall be resealed immediately after each paintball is removed.F
29、IG. 1 Testing Apparatus LayoutF2278 10a210. Procedure10.1 The paintball marker shall be adjusted so that thevelocity of a paintball discharged from the marker will be 94.56 6 m/s (310 6 20 ft/s).10.2 The muzzle of the paintball marker shall be placed at adistance of 4.6 m (15 ft) from the test speci
30、men.10.3 The muzzle of the paintball marker shall be placednominally normal to the test specimen, at a distance of 154 615 cm (60 6 6 in.) from the bottom and centered horizontallyto the middle of the test specimen.10.3.1 If an area to be tested is above 154 6 15 cm (60 66 in.), the bottom of the te
31、st specimen, the muzzle, will bemaintained at 154 6 15 cm (60 6 6 in.) and the marker aimedat the test are, immediately vertical from the nominally normalposition.10.4 In a safe manner, discharge ten paintballs that impactthe test specimen at a distance of 4.6 m (15 ft) within a 15.4 cm(6 in.) diame
32、ter circle centered 154 6 15 cm (60 6 6 in.) fromthe bottom and centered horizontally to the middle of the testspecimen, at 1-s intervals between discharges.10.5 Observe any material passing through the paintballbarrier netting, noting if the netting allows intact paintballs orshell fragments greate
33、r than 3 by 5 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) topass through.10.6 Paintball barrier netting that does allow an intactpaintball or a shell fragment larger than 3 by 5 mm (0.118 by0.197 in.) to pass through during this test procedure will berecorded as failed.10.7 This test is to be completed with the largest
34、 andsmallest calibers of paintball that the subject paintball barriernetting is intended to prevent an intact paintball or shellfragments exceeding 3 by 5 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) frompassing through.10.8 In laboratory test situations record the date, time, airtemperature, atmospheric pressure, relat
35、ive humidity, and re-sults of the test at the time of testing.11. Product Marking11.1 The manufacturer or distributor of the paintball barriernetting will supply the initial purchaser information regardingthe caliber(s) of paintball with which the netting has beentested to be effective.11.2 This inf
36、ormation will also include a statement that willconvey the following: “This paintball barrier netting has beentested to meet or exceed ASTM F2278, Standard Test Methodfor Evaluating Paintball Barrier Netting. In order for thisproduct to provide optimum performance it is strongly recom-mended that it
37、 be installed as described in ASTM F2184,Standard Guide for Installation of Paintball Barrier Netting.”12. Precision and Bias12.1 No precision statement on the test method is availableat this time.13. Keywords13.1 paintball; paintball barrier netting; paintball markers;paintball sportsFIG. 2 Netting
38、 Test Rack (Front View)F2278 10a3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof
39、 infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this s
40、tandard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake you
41、r views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by con
42、tacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).FIG. 3 Netting Test Rack (Side View)F2278 10a4
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