1、Designation: F2278 10aF2278 10a (Reapproved 2014) An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEvaluating Paintball Barrier Netting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2278; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis standard is intended to provide a basic test method that would allow the user to dete
3、rmine theeffectiveness of paintball barrier netting. The use of safe paintball barrier netting at paintball playingfacilities is critical to protect non-players from accidental impact of a paintball.This specification is written within the current state-of-the-art of paintball barrier nettingtechnol
4、ogy. The intent is to revise this specification whenever substantive information becomesavailable which justifies revising existing requirements or adding new requirements.1. Scope1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate paintball barrier netting that may be used to delineate playing fields, chr
5、onographareas, target ranges, and other “goggle-on” areas of an active paintball site. An apparatus is suggested to evaluate paintball barriernetting in a laboratory. On site testing does not require such an apparatus.1.2 This standard is designed to be used in conjunction with Guide F2184.1.3 The v
6、alues stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard; the inch-pound units in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establi
7、sh appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1979 Specification for Paintballs Used in the Sport of PaintballF2184 Guide for Installation of Paintball Barrier NettingF2272 Specification fo
8、r Paintball Markers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 caliber, nthe term used to refer to the size of a paintball projectile. Related to the measurement of the diameter of thepaintball as described in Specification F1979.3.1.2 “goggles-on” area, nareas in which al
9、l persons are required to wear paintball goggles, such as and not limited to playingfields, game areas, chronograph areas, and target ranges.3.1.3 muzzle, nthe end of the paintball marker through which the paintball is discharged, also referred to as the end of thebarrel.3.1.4 paintball, na spherica
10、l ball comprised of a shell and a fill, designed to be expelled from a paintball marker and conformsto Specification F1979.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommitte
11、e F08.24 on Paintball and Equipment.Current edition approved July 1, 2010May 1, 2014. Published August 2010September 2014. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2010 asF2278 10.F2278 10a. DOI: 10.1520/F2278-10a.10.1520/F2278-10AR14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theAS
12、TM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an in
13、dication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be
14、 considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.5 paintball barrier netting, nnetting used in the sport of paintball as a protective barrier.3.1.6 paintball marker, na device specifically designed
15、 to discharge paintballs. The device is sometimes referred to as apaintball gun.3.1.7 playing field, nan area delineated by a boundary marker, in which paintball games are conducted.3.1.8 shell, na rigid to semi-rigid material (generally of gelatin) that encapsulates the fill of a paintball.3.1.9 st
16、andard ambient temperature (SAT), nused to describe a substance at a temperature of 25 6 2C (77 6 4F).4. Significance and Use4.1 This method is performed to evaluate if paintball barrier netting will prevent an intact paintball or shell fragments exceeding3 by 5 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) from passing
17、through the netting.4.2 This test method provides accurate results about the current effectiveness of the test specimen when field-tested in anexisting installation. Laboratory results are particularly useful for testing the relative effectiveness of multiple test specimens.4.3 The results stemming
18、from the use of this test method may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of paintball barrier nettingrepresented by the test specimen for use in delineating “goggles-on” areas found at paintball playing fields.4.4 The base procedure outlined below is applicable to “field-testing.” Additional requi
19、rements for “laboratory” testing arenoted.5. Interferences5.1 Laboratory testing does not account for variations that can be found in field tests. These variations include and are notlimited to temperature, UV exposure, wind direction, precipitation, and method of installation.5.1.1 This test method
20、 is also useful to evaluate the relative performance of one test specimen to another, particularly in thelaboratory.6. Apparatus6.1 Paintball Marker or Markers, of various calibers, capable of discharging paintballs horizontally at a speed of 94.5 6 6 m/s(310 6 20 ft/s) and conforming to Specificati
21、on F2272.6.2 Paintballs, of the required calibers, per Specification F1979.6.3 Equipment employed to measure the speed of the test paintball shall be used in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions to measure the velocity of paintballs and shall be accurate to within 60.5 m/s (61.6 ft/s) muzzl
22、e velocity.6.4 An appropriate backstop placed 30.5 6 2.5 cm (12 6 1 in.) directly behind and parallel to the test specimen. The backstopshall be a minimum of 244 6 5 cm (96 6 2 in.) high and 122 6 5 cm (48 6 2 in.). The backstop shall be a hard, smooth surfacethat can withstand the impact of a paint
23、ball and can be readily cleaned (see Fig. 1).6.5 If testing in a laboratory, the following apparatus shall be used:6.5.1 Paintball Barrier Netting Rack, see Figs. 2 and 3. This rack is capable of holding the 244 6 5 cm (96 6 2 in.) testspecimen off the floor and providing vertical support 122 6 1 cm
24、 (48 6 0.5 in.) apart at the center of the test specimen (see Figs.2 and 3). The bottom crossbar must have a minimum length of 2.74 m (108 in.) and a weight of 5.6 6 0.1 kg (12.3 6 0.2 lb).7. Hazards7.1 Failure of the test specimen, particularly if an intact paintball passes through the test specime
25、n, will render the test specimenunusable until the test specimen is repaired or replaced.FIG. 1 Testing Apparatus LayoutF2278 10a (2014)28. Test Specimen8.1 The test specimen shall consist of paintball barrier netting installed in actual use conditions, or8.2 For laboratory test only:8.2.1 The top o
26、f the test specimen is draped over the top crossbar and fastened to itself with tie-wraps spaced 15.2 6 1 cm (66 0.5 in.) apart. The tie-wraps must encircle the top crossbar.8.2.2 The bottom of the test specimen is draped over the bottom crossbar (on the same side as the top) and fastened to itselfw
27、ith tie-wraps spaced 15.2 6 1 cm (6 6 0.5 in.) apart, such that the overall length of the test specimen, including the pipes, is244 6 5 cm (96 6 2 in.). The tie-wraps must encircle the bottom crossbar.8.2.3 The test specimen is suspended on the test rack with the paintball barrier netting flush, aga
28、inst the test rack and nottouching the floor.8.3 The test specimen shall have a minimum horizontal dimension of 305 6 5 cm (120 6 2 in.) and a minimum verticaldimension of 244 6 5 cm (96 6 2 in.).9. Conditioning9.1 The paintball barrier netting to be tested will be conditioned for at least 4 h. If t
29、ested in a laboratory, the paintball barriernetting will be conditioned at SAT.9.2 All testing shall be done using paintballs manufactured within the previous eight months.9.3 Paintball storage and the non-test handling shall be done at a relative humidity below 65 % and at SAT.9.4 Paintballs shall
30、be conditioned in their original sealed container for at least 4 h at the humidity and temperature specifiedin 9.1.9.5 The testing shall be conducted at SAT for laboratory tests. Testing shall be completed within 10 min after removal of thepaintball from the sealed container. The paintball container
31、 shall be resealed immediately after each paintball is removed.10. Procedure10.1 The paintball marker shall be adjusted so that the velocity of a paintball discharged from the marker will be 94.5 6 6 m/s(310 6 20 ft/s).FIG. 2 Netting Test Rack (Front View)F2278 10a (2014)310.2 The muzzle of the pain
32、tball marker shall be placed at a distance of 4.6 m (15 ft) from the test specimen.10.3 The muzzle of the paintball marker shall be placed nominally normal to the test specimen, at a distance of 154 6 15 cm(60 6 6 in.) from the bottom and centered horizontally to the middle of the test specimen.10.3
33、.1 If an area to be tested is above 154 6 15 cm (60 6 6 in.), the bottom of the test specimen, the muzzle, will be maintainedat 154 6 15 cm (60 6 6 in.) and the marker aimed at the test are, immediately vertical from the nominally normal position.10.4 In a safe manner, discharge ten paintballs that
34、impact the test specimen at a distance of 4.6 m (15 ft) within a 15.4 cm (6in.) diameter circle centered 154 6 15 cm (60 6 6 in.) from the bottom and centered horizontally to the middle of the testspecimen, at 1-s intervals between discharges.10.5 Observe any material passing through the paintball b
35、arrier netting, noting if the netting allows intact paintballs or shellfragments greater than 3 by 5 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) to pass through.10.6 Paintball barrier netting that does allow an intact paintball or a shell fragment larger than 3 by 5 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.)to pass through during this te
36、st procedure will be recorded as failed.10.7 This test is to be completed with the largest and smallest calibers of paintball that the subject paintball barrier netting isintended to prevent an intact paintball or shell fragments exceeding 3 by 5 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) from passing through.10.8 In
37、laboratory test situations record the date, time, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and results ofthe test at the time of testing.11. Product Marking11.1 The manufacturer or distributor of the paintball barrier netting will supply the initial purchaser information regarding t
38、hecaliber(s) of paintball with which the netting has been tested to be effective.11.2 This information will also include a statement that will convey the following: “This paintball barrier netting has been testedto meet or exceedASTM F2278, Standard Test Method for Evaluating Paintball Barrier Netti
39、ng. In order for this product to provideoptimum performance it is strongly recommended that it be installed as described inASTM F2184, Standard Guide for Installationof Paintball Barrier Netting.”FIG. 3 Netting Test Rack (Side View)F2278 10a (2014)412. Precision and Bias12.1 No precision statement o
40、n the test method is available at this time.13. Keywords13.1 paintball; paintball barrier netting; paintball markers; paintball sportsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standa
41、rd are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif
42、 not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, whic
43、h you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,Un
44、ited States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 10a (2014)5
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