1、Designation: F2300 10Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Performance of Personal Cooling SystemsUsing Physiological Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2300; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIndividuals in various occupations are exposed to high heat stress resulting from increasedmetabolism, o
3、r the environment, or both. Environmental heat stress can be especially severe whenindividuals are required to wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), which impairs or preventsevaporation of sweat from the skin, and thus nullifies the bodys principal means of removingmetabolic heat. Failure to dis
4、sipate this heat can dramatically limit work capacity and heat tolerance,thereby increasing the risk of heat-related illness. To reduce this risk, workers are wearing PersonalCooling Systems (PCS) to extend their exposure time to thermal stress. These systems are intendedto limit the effects of exte
5、rnal environmental heat and the internally generated metabolic heat on thebody. For this purpose, standards that objectively quantify the effectiveness of PCS are essential.Therefore, tests that measure important physiological variables, such as core temperature, are essentialin evaluating PCS appli
6、cations and increasing workers health and safety.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the physiological measurementof internal body core temperature, skin temperature, thermalexposure time, heart rate response, oxygen consumption, andwhole body sweat rate, to assess the effectiveness of PersonalCooli
7、ng Systems (PCS) in reducing the effects of thermalstress.1.1.1 To increase safety during physiological testing, thisdynamic test requires the use of human participants whoexhibit specific health and physical fitness requirements.1.2 This test incorporates the use of protective clothingensembles (ou
8、ter garments) used in conjunction with or wornover top of the PCS. This scope is therefore oriented toindustrial rather than athletic applications.1.2.1 The effectiveness of different PCS will be quantifiedwith the same protective clothing ensemble. Therefore, thephysiological values obtained apply
9、only to the cooling sys-tems, the particular protective outer garment, and the specifictest conditions.1.2.2 When a protective outer garment is not provided, thistest method requires that PCS shall be tested with the standardouter garment defined within this test method.1.2.3 The present standard do
10、es not attempt to determineimportant clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulationand evaporative resistance, of the PCS or of the garments wornwith the PCS. Test Methods F1291 and F2370 can be refer-enced for these clothing measurements.1.3 The values stated in this test method shall be SI u
11、nits.1.4 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain thenecessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their insti-tution for conducting tests using human participants.1.5 This test method does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
12、theresponsibility of the user of this test method to establishappropriate safety and health practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulationof Clothing Using a Heated Mani
13、kinF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin2.2 Other Standards:1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct resp
14、onsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F2300 - 05. DOI: 10.1520/F2300-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM C
15、ustomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ISO 8996 ErgonomicsDetermination
16、 of Metabolic HeatProduction3ISO 9886 ErgonomicsEvaluation of Thermal Strain byPhysiological Measurements3The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the Interna-tional Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS ThermalCommission) Glossary of Terms for Thermal Physiology4U.S. Food and Drug Administration (F
17、DA)Cleared Ster-ilants and High Level Disinfectants with General Claimsfor Processing Reusable Medical and Dental Devices(March 2009)53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acclimation, nphysiological adaptations occurringwithin an organism, which reduces the strain or enhancesendurance of strain, caus
18、ed by artificially or experimentallyinduced stressful changes in particular environmental condi-tions.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAcclimation describes the adaptivechanges that occur within an organism in response to artifi-cially induced changes in particular climatic factors such asambient temperature and h
19、umidity in a controlled environment.3.1.2 acclimatization, nphysiological adaptations occur-ring within an organism, which reduces the strain or enhancesendurance of strain, caused by stressful changes in the naturalenvironment.3.1.3 clo, nunit of thermal resistance defined as theinsulation required
20、 to keep a resting man (producing heat at therate of 58 W/m2) comfortable in an environment at 21C, airvelocity 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of typicalindoor clothing.3.1.3.1 DiscussionNumerically the clo is equal to 0.155Km2/W, which is equal to 0.18Cm2h/kcal.3.1.4 clothing ensemble, na
21、 group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.5 thermal core, nthe deep tissues of the brain, neckand torso whose temperatures are not changed in their rela-tionship to each other by circulatory adjustments.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThese deep tissues comprise the mostthermally protected
22、tissues of the body and are most critical totemperature regulation. The thermal core is distinct fromchanges in heat transfer to the environment that affects theappendages and other tissues of the body.3.1.6 core temperature, nthe mean temperature of thethermal core.3.1.6.1 DiscussionCore temperatur
23、e is commonly repre-sented by rectal temperature, or by the more rapidly respondingesophageal temperature. Core temperature is also measured byingested telemetric thermometers in the form of a capsule.3.1.7 garment, na single item of clothing (for example,shirt).3.1.8 maximum oxygen consumption (VO2
24、max), nthe high-est rate at which an organism can take up oxygen duringaerobic metabolism.3.1.8.1 DiscussionDetermination of VO2maxrequires veryhigh motivation of the individual and is expressed in mL permin or as a term relative to body mass in mL per kg per min.Maximum oxygen consumption is often
25、referred to as maximalaerobic power (MAP).3.1.9 metabolic rate, nthe rate of transformation ofchemical energy into heat and mechanical work by aerobic andanaerobic activities within an organism.3.1.9.1 DiscussionMetabolic rate, as with VO2max,iscommonly measured by indirect calorimetry, during long-
26、termsteady-state work, and is typically expressed in Watts (W).Metabolic rate, also referred to as energy expenditure, isusually expressed in terms of unit area of the total body surface(W/m2) or of total body mass (W/kg) when comparisons aremade between individuals.3.1.10 thermal insulation, nthe r
27、esistance to dry heattransfer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.3.1.11 thermal strain, nany deviation of body temperatureinduced by sustained thermal stress that cannot be fullycompensated by temperature regulation.3.1.11.1 DiscussionThermal strain results in the activa-tion of thermoe
28、ffector activities that causes sustained changesin the state of non-thermal regulatory systems. Thermal strainis measurable by an increased heart rate and whole body sweatrate, as determined by pre and post nude mass loss.3.1.12 thermal stress, nany thermal change between atemperature regulator and
29、its environment, which if uncom-pensated by temperature regulation, would result in hyperther-mia.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThermal stress is often referred to asheat stress.3.2 IUPS Thermal Commission document6was referencedfor the modified definitions related to thermal physiology listedabove, and for te
30、rms related to protective clothing used in thistest method, refer to Terminology F1494.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe cooling provided by different Personal Cooling Systems(PCS) worn with a standard outer garment or with a specifiedprotective outer
31、 garment.4.1.1 This test method will assess the performance of PCSbased on the physiological measurement of core temperature,mean skin temperature, heart rate, exposure time, oxygenconsumption, and whole body sweat rate.4.2 Evaluating the effectiveness of PCS is an extremelycomplicated endeavor that
32、 involves many factors related tothermal exchange between the PCS, the environment, and theparticipant. It would not be practical in a test method of thisscope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies.Therefore, a valid physiological method of measuring coretemperature, along with
33、other variables of thermal strain,provides an acceptable means of classifying the performance of3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Physiology however, rates of 15, 30 or 60 s are also adequate
34、. ThisF2300 103will depend on the data acquisition system and the physiologi-cal variable being sampled. It is important that sampling ratesfrom different physiological variables (for example, heart rateand core temperature) are all the same or at least divisible toallow for easy interpretation. Als
35、o, the data acquisition systemmust be capable of storing a sufficient amount of data (forexample, approximately 2.5 h).5.7 Participant Clothing EnsemblesTo standardize thetesting, subjects will be required to wear a standard undergarment during all tests and a standard outer garment when noother pro
36、tective outer garments are provided for testing.5.7.1 Under GarmentsParticipant under garments will beworn underneath the PCS during all test conditions. Theclothing ensemble will include a T-Shirt, shorts, sport socks,underwear, and athletic shoes. If female participants are used,an athletic bra ma
37、y be worn.5.7.1.1 Shirt65 % polyester, 35 % cotton T-shirt.5.7.1.2 Shorts65 % polyester, 35 % cotton shorts.5.7.1.3 Sport Socks80 % cotton, 20 % nylon; covers onlyarea distal to the malleolii; jersey and rib knit.5.7.1.4 Underwear100 % cotton underwear; jockey orboxer style.5.7.1.5 Athletic ShoesUnl
38、ess protective outer garmentsinclude specific or required footwear, athletic shoes with a softrubber sole must be worn during testing. Other footwear (forexample, hard sole shoes) can become problematic, not onlybecause of possible foot soreness, but they can cause a changein gait due to discomfort
39、and can affect mechanical efficiency,and therefore heat production at a fixed workload.5.7.2 Outer GarmentsThis test method is applicable totesting the performance of PCS when worn underneath protec-tive outer garments (for example, HAZMAT protective en-semble). If a particular outer garment is not
40、provided, then astandard outer garment as described below must be used duringtesting.5.7.2.1 Standard Outer GarmentA two-piece coverall,including trousers, 65 % polyester and 35 % cotton durablepress and 2 by 1 twill weave with two front and hip pockets,and a long sleeve jacket, 65 % polyester and 3
41、5 % cotton singlelayer plain or twill weave will be used. If unavailable, then anouter garment of similar fabrics with a combined intrinsicthermal resistance representing 1 clo (0.155 K 3 m2/W) shouldbe used.5.7.3 No outer garment is necessary if the PCS evaluated donot require the use of such prote
42、ctive ensembles. This circum-stance, however, will increase the heat exchange between theenvironment and the PCS and will likely decrease the availableheat exchange between the PCS and the human body.5.7.4 PCS and protective outer garments shall be cleaned inaccordance with the manufacturers instruc
43、tions, and report thespecific care method and number of times repeated.6. Sampling, Participants, and Familiarization Period6.1 SamplingA minimum of five different participantsshall be tested for evaluating the performance of each PCS.6.2 Test ParticipantsIndividuals who participate in thistest meth
44、od will do so strictly on a volunteer basis. Toundertake this testing, all test laboratories must adhere to andobtain the proper approval for human testing that their respec-tive institution requires. As part of the approval process,participants will be informed of all the details of this testmethod
45、 and the associated risks and discomforts before pro-viding their informed written consent. As well, completeanonymity and confidentiality will be given to each participant.6.2.1 Medical EvaluationScreen participants for medicalproblems. This would involve answering a questionnaire as-sessing their
46、past and current personal health (for example,Canadian Par-Q). Participants may be required to undergo amedical examination depending upon each respective institu-tional review committees rules and regulations for physiologi-cal thermoregulation research.6.2.2 Participant Fitness LevelA strong aerob
47、ic level offitness is required for individuals to participate in this testmethod. Screen out participants who do not partake in regularaerobic activities at least12 h three to five times a week. Anevaluation determining the participants maximum oxygenconsumption (VO2max), or maximal aerobic power, w
48、ill beused as an objective measure to screen for successful partici-pants and allow some comparison of findings between researchresults.6.2.2.1 Maximum Oxygen ConsumptionOnly individualswith a VO2maxbetween the range of 35 and 65 mL/kg/min willbe used as participants in this test method. Refer to IS
49、O 8996for the proper method for measuring oxygen consumption.Otherwise, physiological testing laboratories shall follow theirown specific procedures for testing VO2max. The only require-ments are that the test is continuous, the exercise is walking,and it is performed using a treadmill. Continuous tests gener-ally start at relatively low intensities and progress by increasingthe work rate (treadmill velocity, or % grade, or both) at presettime intervals until the participant is unable to continue. Thisform of test causes the participant
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