1、Designation: F2318 15Standard Specification forRotary Wing Basic Life Support, Advanced Life Support,and Specialized Medical Support Air Ambulances1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2318; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification pertains to fixed (airplanes) androtary-wing (helicopters) airc
3、raft used for prehospital emer-gency medical care and transportation of patients by air,collectively air ambulances. It outlines the minimumrequirements, including personnel, patient care equipment, andsupplies that shall be met before the aircraft can be classified asan air ambulance.1.2 Recommenda
4、tions for basic life support (BLS) airambulances are contained in the first part of this specificationthat defines the minimum requirements for aircraft configura-tion and capability, the minimum number of seats forpersonnel, and the minimum medical equipment and supplies.1.3 Recommendations for adv
5、anced life support (ALS) airambulances include the first part of this specification thatdefines the minimum requirements for aircraft configurationand capability, the minimum number of seats for personnel,and the minimum medical equipment and supplies. Additionalrequirements for ALS are found in Ann
6、ex A1.1.4 Recommendations for specialized medical support(SMS) air ambulances include those for BLS and may includesome or all of the ALS requirements that define the minimumrequirements for aircraft configuration and capability, theminimum number of seats for personnel, and the minimummedical equip
7、ment and supplies. Additional requirements forSMS air ambulances are found in Annex A2.1.5 In this specification, minimum requirements for airambulances providers are identified, however, ambulanceservices, under the direction of their medical director, areencouraged to use them as a core list and a
8、djust theirconfiguration or manifest or both according to their missionprofile and patient population.1.6 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and ar
9、e not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations pr
10、ior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1149 Practice for Qualifications, Responsibilities, and Au-thority of Individuals and Institutions Providing MedicalDirection of Emergency Medical ServicesF1229 Guide for Qualification and Training of EMS AirMedical Patient Care Providers2.2 AHA
11、 Standard:32010 Guidelines for CPR and ECCNational EMS Scope of Practice Model DOT HS 810 657(current 2/2007)4CAMTS: 9th Edition Accreditation Standards of the Com-mission on Accreditation of Medical Transport System,approved August 2012Association of Air Medical Services (AAMS) Model StateGuideline
12、s, first edition approved 20122.3 CGA Standards:5CGA C-9 Standard for Color-Marking of Compressed GasCylinders Intended for Medical UseCGA E-7 Standard for Flow meters, Pressure ReducingRegulators, Regulator/Flow Meter and Regulator/FlowGage Combinations for the Administration of MedicalGasesCGA P-2
13、 Characteristics and Safe Handling of MedicalGases1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F30 onEmergency Medical Services and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF30.01 on EMS Equipment.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published February 2016. Originallyapprove
14、d in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F231804, which waswithdrawn January 2013 and reinstated in November 2015. DOI: 10.1520/F2318-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStanda
15、rds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the American Heart Association, ahajournals.org.4http:/www.ems.gov/education/EMSScope.pdf5Available from the Compressed Gas Association, 14501 George Carter Way,Suite 103, Chantilly VA 20151-2923.
16、Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1CGA P-4 Safe Handling of Cylinders by Emergency RescueSquadsCGA V-1 Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and InletConnectionsCGA V-5 Diameter Index Safety System2.4 ADAMS Document:6Atlas
17、 and Database of Air Medical Services Resource Docu-ment2.5 UL Standard:7UL 60601-1 Standard for SafetyMedical ElectricalEquipmentPart 1: General2.6 ISO Standard:8ISO 10079-1 Medical suction equipmentPart 1: Electri-cally powered suction equipmentSafety requirements2.7 Military Standards:9MIL-STD-10
18、1 Color Code for Pipelines and for CompressedGas CylindersMIL-STD-461 Department of Defense Interface Standard,Requirements for the Control of electromagnetic Interfer-ence Characteristics of Subsystems and EquipmentMIL-STD-704 Aircraft Electric Power CharacteristicsMIL-STD-810 Environmental Test Me
19、thods and Engineer-ing GuidelinesMIL-STD-1472 Human Factors2.8 Federal Standards:9FAA Order 8400.10, Vol. 4, Chapter 5 Air AmbulanceOperations FAA Technical Standard Orders C-22g SafetyBelts, and C114 Torso Restraint Systems14 CFR Chapter 1 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)Rules and Regulations,
20、 Parts 1-49 and 61-139;specifically, Subpart 135.19Emergency Operations29 CFR Occupational Safety and Health Administra-tion Standard 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations andEmergency Response29 CFR Occupational Safety and Health Administra-tion Standard 1910.1030, Bloodborne Pathogens29 CFR Occupat
21、ional Safety and Health Administra-tion Standard 1010.134, Respiratory Protection49 CFR 238.5 Title 49 Transportation; Subtitle B OtherRegulations Relating to Transportation; Chapter II Federal RailroadAdministration, Department of Transpor-tation; Part 238 Passenger Equipment Safety StandardsJoint
22、En Route Care Equipment Testing Standard (JECETS),March 2012, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Labora-tory and U.S. Air Force Aeromedical BranchUSARTL-TR-79-22D Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide3. Terminology3.1 Definitions Relating to Aircraft:3.1.1 air ambulance, naircraft, rotary or fixed-wing,
23、thatis capable of meeting the standard for a medical transport unitif the requisite personnel, equipment, and supplies are addedand it does not include the personnel and the onboard medicalequipment.3.1.2 fixed wing aircraft (airplane), naircraft that uses thelift generated by the airflow over fixed
24、 wings to take off andland on a prepared landing strip.3.1.3 rotary wing aircraft (helicopter), naircraft that usesa rotor system to take off and land vertically; they includehelicopters and tiltrotor aircraft.3.2 Definitions Relating to Communications:3.2.1 aviation communication equipment, nequipm
25、ent in-stalled in the aircraft, used by the flight crew for traffic control,navigation of the aircraft, and receiving weather information.3.2.2 intercom equipment, nequipment, used by the trans-port personnel to facilitate conversations between the flightcrew and air-medical crewmembers and, in some
26、 cases, withthe patient.3.2.3 medical communication equipment, nequipment in-stalled in the aircraft, used by the transport personnel tofacilitate conversations between the air-medical crewmembersand the emergency medical system in which they operate.3.2.3.1 DiscussionIt includes voice communication
27、 withpublic service and medical ground units, selected medicalcontrol, and emergency medical services (EMS) systems dis-patch centers. It can include equipment for the transmission ofgraphical data.3.3 Definitions Relating to Documentation:3.3.1 national air ambulance, ndocument produced inaccordanc
28、e with the format that is contained in the ADAMSresource document.3.3.1.1 DiscussionThe format is a guideline so that thecatalog will contain standardized, comparable data on existingair ambulances. The short title ADAMS may be used when themeaning is clear.3.4 Definitions Relating to the Mission:3.
29、4.1 advanced life support leveltransport of a patientwho receives care during an interfacility or scene responsecommensurate with the scope of practice of an Paramedic asdefined in NHS. An advanced life support (ALS) mission isdefined as the transport of a patient from an emergencydepartment, critic
30、al care unit or scene who receives carecommensurate with the scope of practice of a paramedic. Themedical team shall at a minimum consist of one certifiedEMT-Paramedic as the primary care provider (National EMSScope of Practice DOT HS 810 657).3.4.1.1 DiscussionThere are adequate personnel to pro-vi
31、de full coverage with EMT-Paramedics who are primarilyassigned to the medical service and are readily available withinthe response time determined by the service (if the majority oftransports are ALS missions) (9th Edition CAMTS 8/20/2012).3.4.2 basic life support level, nThe transport of a patientw
32、ho receives care during an interfacility or scene response that6http:/www.adamsairmed.org/public_site.html7Available from the Underwriters Laboratories, Corporate Progress, 333 Pfing-sten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.8Available from the American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., NewYork, NY
33、 10036.9Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capital St., NW, Washington, DC 20402-0001.F2318 152is commensurate with the scope of practice of an EMT orAdvanced EMT as defined (National EMS Scope of PracticeDOT HS 810 657)3.4.3 category, nlevel of pa
34、tient care relating to thecapability of the air medical transport unit.3.4.3.1 DiscussionThere are various levels including, butnot limited to, basic life support (BLS), advanced life support(ALS), and specialized medical care.3.4.4 declared effective service range, nnumber of nauti-cal miles, witho
35、ut resupply of aviation or medicalrequirements, within which the air medical transport unit canbe expected to operate.3.4.5 declared response time, nnormal minimum numberof minutes required between the initial notification of themedical mission and the liftoff of the air medical transport unit.3.4.6
36、 declared service area, narea designated by the airambulance provider where the air medical transport unit isoperationally capable of response.3.4.6.1 DiscussionIt includes predefined limits in range,altitude and weather, over water, instrument flight, and day/night capability.3.4.7 fixed-wing air a
37、mbulance, nfixed wing medicaltransport vehicle, the crew, and on-board equipment that meetsthe standard for the named category.3.4.8 fixed-wing advanced life support air ambulance,nunit that meets the standard described in Annex A1.3.4.9 independent accredited testing laboratory, ntestingfacility th
38、at is accredited in accordance with the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Volun-tary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) to performspecific calibrations and tests that it is contracted to performand (1) has no business relationship with the company whoseproduct it is
39、 testing other than the fee-for-service testing of thatcompanys product, (2) has no corporate stock that is directlyowned by a principal of the company whose product is beingtested, and (3) has no conflict of interest by accepting fee-for-service testing of a companys product.3.4.10 medical crew/cre
40、wmembers, npersonnel respon-sible for patient care with sufficient training as applicable to thescope of service required during transport via ground or airambulance.3.4.11 medical mission, naccepted medical flight from theinitial notification to the completion or cancellation.3.4.12 specialized med
41、ical support level of patient care,ntransport of a patient requiring specialty patient care(neonatal, pediatric, perinatal, and so forth) by one or moreprofessionals who can be added to the medical transport teamas necessary.4. Significance and Use4.1 This specification defines an air ambulance that
42、, to-gether with the specified personnel, equipment, and supplies,will provide patient care, at least to national standards for BLS,throughout the medical mission.4.1.1 It applies to all the medical activities that involve airambulance operation at the BLS level, including on-scenework and inter-hos
43、pital transfer.4.1.2 See Annex A1 as well as Annex A2 for additionalinformation on ALS and SMS air ambulances.4.2 Application of this specification will ensure that the airambulance will be able to provide patient care to recognizedstandards of care. Defining and implementing minimum re-quirements f
44、or various ambulances known minimum capabil-ity will also improve interstate mutual aid and increase thecapability for improved cooperation throughout the nation.4.3 This specification will assist in the definition of appro-priate care, increase public awareness of the high standardavailable, and pr
45、ovide a nationally accepted guideline. It willalso provide:4.3.1 A scale upon which to evaluate resources and capa-bilities;4.3.2 The incentive to improve the air ambulance,personnel, and medical components to meet an acceptablestandard of patient care (this will include configuration,equipping, and
46、 training);4.3.3 A means of identifying inappropriate advertising; and4.3.4 Consistent criteria permitting performance and cost-effectiveness comparisons.5. Classification5.1 Air ambulance providers shall reference this specifica-tion to indicate that the minimums for configuration,equipping, and tr
47、aining contained in this specification havebeen met. Section A1.6 describes ALS requirements and A2.3describes SMS requirements.6. General Requirements6.1 The fixed-wing BLS air ambulance shall consist of threecomponents: (1) the fixed-wing medical transport vehicle(airplane), (2) transport personne
48、l, and (3) patient care equip-ment and supplies in accordance with this specification andmedical services mission statement and scope of practice.Medical supplies, treatment procedures, crew and trainingrequirements are the direct responsibility of the MedicalDirector (National EMS Scope of Practice
49、 DOT HS 8 10 657).6.1.1 The aircraft shall be configured for CPR (see 9.2.1).6.2 The rotary wing BLS air ambulance shall consist of arotary wing medical transport vehicle, the crew, and patientcare equipment and supplies in accordance with this specifi-cation. The three components shall be licensed/certified by theappropriate governmental authority. The air ambulance pro-vider is the individual or entity responsible for ensuring that thefollowing exist:6.2.1 Current air ambulance license or certificate, and6.2.2 Appropriate license or certif
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