1、Designation: F2333 04 (Reapproved 2017) An American National StandardStandard Test Method forTraction Characteristics of the Athletic Shoe-Sports SurfaceInterface1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2333; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers specifications for the perfor-mance of spor
3、ts shoe-surface traction measuring devices, butdoes not require a specific device or mechanism to be used.Figs. 1 and 2 show schematic diagrams of generic apparatus.1.2 This test method is appropriate for measuring the effectsof athletic shoe outsole design and materials on traction at theshoe-surfa
4、ce interface.1.3 This test method is appropriate for measuring the effectsof sport surface design and materials on traction at theshoe-surface interface.1.4 This test method specifies test procedures that areappropriate for both field and laboratory testing.1.5 Traction characteristics measured by t
5、his test methodencompass friction forces developed between shoe outsolesand playing surfaces.1.6 Traction characteristics measured by this test methodencompass traction achieved by penetration of cleats or studsinto playing surfaces.1.7 This test method specifies test procedures for the mea-surement
6、 of traction during linear translational motion androtational motion, but not simultaneous combinations of linearand translational motion.1.8 The loads and load rates specified in this test method arespecific to sports activities. The test method is not intended formeasurement of slip resistance or
7、traction of pedestrian foot-wear.1.9 Test results obtained by this method shall be qualified bythe characteristics of the specimen.1.9.1 Comparative tests of surfaces shall be qualified by thecharacteristics of the shoes used to test the surfaces, includingthe cushioning, outsole material, and sole
8、design.1.9.2 Comparative tests of shoes shall be qualified by thepertinent characteristics of the surfaces on which shoes aretested, including the surface type, material, condition, andtemperature.1.10 This test method does not establish performance orsafety criteria. The level of traction required
9、between a sportshoe and surface varies with the level of performance and fromindividual to individual. The extent to which particular levelsof traction contribute to individual athletic performance andrisk of injury is not known.1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.
10、12 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions and equipment. This standard does not purport to addressall of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It isthe responsibility of the user of this standard to establishappropriate safety, health, and environmental practices
11、anddetermine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior touse.1.13 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
12、mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 SAE Standard:SAE J211 Recommended Practice for Instrumentation forImpact Tests23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 footforma rigid form approximating the shape of afoot or shoe las
13、t to which the shoe under test may be tightlyfitted and through which the loads required by this test methodmay be transmitted.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.54
14、 on Athletic Footwear.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F2333 04 (2011).DOI: 10.1520/F2333-04R17.2Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
15、Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Inter
16、national Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.2 tractionresistance to relative motion between a shoeoutsole and a sports surface that does not necessarily obeyclassical laws of friction.3.1.2.1 dynamic tractiont
17、raction measured during relativesliding motion between the shoe and the surface.3.1.2.2 linear tractiontraction related to rectilinear motionparallel to the surface.3.1.2.3 rotational tractiontraction related to rotationalmotion about an axis normal to the surface.3.1.2.4 static tractiontraction mea
18、sured at the start ofrelative sliding motion between the shoe and the surface.3.1.3 traction ratioratio of the traction force or torque andthe normal force acting at the shoe-surface interface.3.1.3.1 dymamic traction ratio (Tk,Rk)linear or rotationaltraction ratio measured during constant velocity
19、relative mo-tion between the shoes and the surface.3.1.3.2 linear traction ratio (T)ratio of the force resistingrelative rectilinear motion of the shoe parallel to the surfaceand the normal force at the shoe-surface interface.3.1.3.3 rotational traction ratio (R)ratio of the torqueresisting relative
20、 rotational motion about an axis normal to thesurface and the normal force acting at the shoe-surfaceinterface.3.1.3.4 static traction ratio (Ts,Rs)linear or rotationaltraction ratio measured at the start of relative sliding motionbetween the shoe and the surface.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test
21、shoe outsole or specimen is tested for tractioncharacteristics on the type of playing surface for which theshoe is intended.4.2 A shoe containing the outsole to be tested is pulled overa foot form, creating a tight fit capable of properly transmittingforces through the shoe material to the outsole-p
22、laying surfaceinterface. Alternatively, an outsole material specimen can befastened to a mounting plate and tested in the same manner asan outsole on an intact shoe.4.3 The shoe on the footform is loaded against the testsurface under a normal load specific to the sport category forwhich the shoe is
23、intended. These normal loads, dependingupon the sport, will typically be higher than an athletes bodyweight. Normal loads, and the shoe axes along which tractionneeds are greatest, have been determined by research. Some ofthe loading conditions that have relevance for traction testingof outsoles des
24、igned for particular sports are itemized by sportcategory in Table 1. Tests should be conducted at these normalloads or at a normal load of 1000 6 75 N unless otherwiseA. Shoe under test, mounted on a footform.B. Surface under test.C. Guide rails with linear bearings or other means of maintaining re
25、ctilinear motion.D, E. Vertical shaft and bearing mounted carriage or other means of maintaining motion parallel to the plane of the shoe-surface interface.F. Weights, actuator or other means of applying a downward vertical force.G. Actuator or other means of applying a horizontal force.H. Force pla
26、te or other means of measuring vertical and horizontal forces.J. Velocity transducer.FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of a Generic Device for Measuring Linear TractionF2333 04 (2017)2specified. The normal loads can be applied by means ofweights or hydraulic cylinders, springs in compression or otherappropri
27、ate means and transmitted through a shaft to which thefootform is securely attached.4.4 The normal load is distributed entirely beneath the distalhalf or the forefoot region of the outsole unless otherwisespecified. The proximal half or the rearfoot should not contactthe playing surface except as no
28、ted in Table 1. Alternatively, ifdeemed appropriate for the sports movement for which theshoe outsole design is intended, normal loads are distributeduniformly beneath the proximal half or the rearfoot portion ofthe outsole. If the shoe construction typically includes amidsole that provides cushioni
29、ng, an appropriate midsoleshould be included in the test shoe. If the test involves aspecimen of outsole material fastened to a mounting plate, anequivalent midsole material of appropriate thickness is to beincluded between the mounting plate and the outsole material.NOTE 1The cushioning material he
30、lps to distribute normal loads moreuniformly between the outsole and the playing surface. The cushion doesnot reproduce the distribution of loads transmitted through the shoebottom to the outsole by the loaded human foot, but does increase testrepeatability.4.5 For linear traction measurements, a li
31、near actuator isused to overcome the static traction and produce relativerectilinear motion of the shoe and surface, parallel to the shoeoutsole-playing surface interface. The actuator may bepneumatically, hydraulically, or electrically driven. The dis-tance of relative sliding motion between the sh
32、oe and thesurface shall be a minimum of 20 cm, unless the interactingsurfaces deform or fail at a smaller distance.4.6 Sliding velocity shall be recorded and reported. Therecommended minimum sliding velocity is 0.3 m s-1.A. Shoe under test, mounted on a footform.B. Surface under test.D, E. Vertical
33、shaft and bearings or other means of constraining rotation about the vertical axis parallel to the plane of the shoe-surface interface.F. Weights, actuator or other means of applying a downward vertical force.G. Actuator or other means of applying a torque.H. Force plate or other means of measuring
34、vertical force and torque about the vertical axis.J. Angular velocity transducer.FIG. 2 Schematic Diagram of a Generic Device for Measuring Rotational TractionTABLE 1 Distribution of Normal Loads and Application of PullingForcesSport MovementNormalLoad (N)LoadDistributionDirectionof MotionRunningAPu
35、sh-off 800 Forefoot Distal-proximalSprinting Push-off 1500 Forefoot Distal-proximalTennis,basketball,Bsoccer,CfootballCutting 2200 Forefoot Medial-lateralStopping 3000 Forefoot Proximal-distalShufflingD1300 Forefoot Medial-lateralStarting 1500 Forefoot Distal-proximalFootball Pushing 900 Forefoot Di
36、stal-proximalAerobic dance 500 Forefoot Medial-lateralGolf Downswing 600 Lateral outsole Medial-lateralAValiant, G. A., “FrictionSlippingTraction,” Sportverletzung Sportschaden,7,1993, pp. 171-178.BValiant, G. A. and Eden, K. B., “Evaluating Basketball Shoe Design with GroundReaction Forces,” Procee
37、dings of the Second North American Congress onBiomechanics, Chicago, August 24-28, 1992, pp. 271-272.CValiant, G. A., “Ground Reaction Forces Developed on Artificial Turf,” Scienceand Football, T. Reilly, A. Lees, and W. J. Murphy, Eds., E. friction; sports surface; tractionF2333 04 (2017)5(a) Veloc
38、itytime curve(b) Horizontal forcetime curve(c) Normal forcetime curve(d) Traction Ratio, TNOTE 1Dotted lines indicate region of approximately constant velocity for which average, maximum and minimum values of T are calculated.FIG. 3 Example Data from a Linear Traction Measurement TrialF2333 04 (2017
39、)6APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RATIONALEX1.1 The traction characteristics of athletic shoe-sportssurface interfaces do not obey the classical laws of Coulombfriction (1,2).3It is generally the case that the shoe-surfaceinterface is neither smooth nor planar and that the forcesresisting re
40、lative motion between them include not onlyfriction, but also other forces due to mechanical interaction andinterpenetration of the shoe outsole and the surface. Also, thematerials used to manufacture shoe outsoles and surfaces arenon-linearly elastic and non-rigid, violating the assumptions ofclass
41、ical friction.X1.2 In contrast to classical theory, in which coefficients offriction between two surfaces are independent of normal force,sliding velocity, and contact area, traction between the shoeand the surface is not constant and may vary non-linearly withnormal force, sliding velocity and cont
42、act area. Unlike classicalfriction coefficients, dynamic traction ratios frequently exceed1.0. The moments opposing frictional resistance to rotation canrange from 20 to 60 Nm, increasing in an approximately linearmanner with increasing normal force.X1.3 The non-linearity of shoe-surface traction re
43、quires thatmeasurements be made at loads and loading rates in the rangethat can be expected in vivo. Tests conducted at normal loadsexceeding athlete body weights and for dynamic frictionmeasures at realistic sliding velocities (3,4) are acceptablewhile those conducted at low normal loads (5,6) are
44、lessappropriate. Test methods that rely on the assumptions ofCoulomb friction are not appropriate for measuring traction atthe athletic shoe-sport surface interface. Since many athleticactivities are played on surfaces that can deform and move,such as natural turf and running trails, test methods sh
45、ouldaccount for movement of soil or turf during testing and thesubsequent effects on the measurement of traction characteris-tics. A test method should also provide a procedure forevaluating traction in field conditions, including cleated foot-wear applications, and also in realistic laboratory cond
46、itions.X1.4 This test method attempts to address these issues bydescribing a means of measuring traction at appropriate loadsand loading rates that does not rely on classical laws of friction.X2. RELEVANCEX2.1 Enhancement of Performance:X2.1.1 The traction between a sport shoe and a playingsurface i
47、s an important determinant of human athletic perfor-mance. High traction characteristics of athletic shoe outsolesenhance athletes abilities to run fast, make quick starts andstops, and make rapid changes in running direction. Forexample, Krahenbuhl (7) reported that athletes wearing cleatedshoes co
48、uld not run through an agility course as fast on naturalturf as on an artificial turf surface. He assumed that theartificial turf provided a greater gripping effect between shoeoutsole and turf. Morehouse and Morrison also measured fasterperformance times on artificial compared to natural turf forfo
49、otball players completing an agility run, a 10-yard sprint, a40-yard sprint, and a blocking drill (8). The implications arethat the greater traction provided by artificial turf surfacesresults in performance enhancement. Similarly, increased out-sole traction would have equivalent performance enhancementbenefits.X2.1.2 Many athletic movements result in the developmentof high horizontal forces between the shoe and the playingsurface. During the first few accelerating foot steps out ofstarting blocks, 100 m sprinters are developing backwarddirected horizontal for
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