1、Designation: F2371 101F2371 16Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Heat Removal Rate of Personal CoolingSystems Using a Sweating Heated Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2371; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEEditorially corrected 7.4.1 in February 2015.INTRODUCTIONPersonal Cooling Systems (PCS) are
3、 used when wearers could be exposed to conditions that renderthe bodys thermoregulatory system inadequate to maintain body core temperature within a safe range.The use of PCS can reduce the possibility of heat stress related physiological disorders and can alsoprovide increased comfort, which in tur
4、n could also result in higher productivity. Cooling needs varygreatly depending on the level of activity, the external temperature and humidity, as well as thepersonal protective equipment worn. The PCS should be selected that is best suited for the specificapplication. Sweating heated manikins prov
5、ide a convenient tool to assess the effectiveness of PCS asthey can provide objective and repeatable results. These instruments can be used to quantify, in areproducible manner, the cooling rate and cooling duration provided by the PCS while eliminating thevariables associated with human physiology.
6、 Sweating heated manikins can be used for directcomparisons of PCS.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of heat removal rate from a sweating heated manikin as well as the duration ofcooling uses a sweating manikin in an environmental chamber to measure the heat removal rate and coolin
7、g duration provided bya cooling garment, in order to assess the effectiveness of PCS.personal cooling garment worn with a base ensemble.21.1.1 This test method requires the The use of a sweating heated manikin. The sweating capability is essential, to take intoaccount manikin is essential because of
8、 the potentially large fractionamount of heat dissipation from the body associated withevaporative cooling.1.2 The experimental values obtained for the cooling rates and cooling duration apply only to the particular PCS and additionalclothing ensemble (standard outer garment, outer garment integrate
9、d to the PCS, or any other outer garment, as appropriate) astested, garments worn during the test and for the specified environmental conditions.conditions used.1.2.1 It is feasible that this test method will yield unrealistically high cooling rates for ambient air circulation systems since themanik
10、ins surface stays continuously saturated during the test and the relative humidity in the chamber is relatively low;consequently the convective and evaporative heat loss rates from the body to the environment are probably higher from themanikin than they would be from a human, particularly in enviro
11、nments with higher levels of humidity.1.3 The values stated in this standard shall be SI units.SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurementare included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use
12、. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is th
13、e direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010Oct. 1, 2016. Published January 2010October 2016. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 asF2371 - 05.F2371 - 101. DOI: 10.1520/F2371-10E01.10.1520/F2371-16.2 The pres
14、ent standard does not attempt to determine the thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of garments worn with the PCS, or these same properties for thePCSs themselves. Test Methods F1291 and F2370 are available for these measurements.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to
15、 provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof
16、 the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing
17、 Using a Heated ManikinF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 clo, nunit of thermal resistance defined as the insulation req
18、uired to keep a resting man (producing heat at the rate of58 W/m2) comfortable in an environment at 21C, air velocity 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of typical indoor clothing.3.1.1.1 DiscussionNumerically, the clo is equal to 0.155 Km2/W.3.1.2 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worn
19、together on the body at the same time.3.1.3 garment, na single item of clothing (for example, shirt).3.1.4 thermal insulation, nthe resistance to dry heat transfer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.3.1.5 total heat loss, nthe amount of heat transferred through a clothing system by the
20、combined dry and evaporative heatexchanges under specified conditions expressed in watts per square metre.3.1 For definitions of terms related to protective clothing used in this test method, refer to Terminology F1494.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 personal cooling systems (PCS)garment technologies that are
21、 designed to be worn with protective clothing in warm/hotenvironments to remove heat from the body and prevent heat stress; types include ambient air systems which circulate air betweenthe body surface and clothing, phase change materials which are worn close to the body and absorb heat, and refrige
22、ration systemsand ice bath systems that circulate chilled water in tubes in a vest worn next to the body (that is, a liquid cooling garment).4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the cooling provided by different Personal Cooling Systems(PCSs)personal coolin
23、g systems (PCS) worn with a standard outer garment or with any other specified mon baseensemble. Any base ensemble can be selected based on the intended end use of the PCS.4.1.1 The test method is intended to allow garments based on various cooling technologies to be evaluated fairly and objectively
24、,by taking into account convective both dry and evaporative heat transfer.4.1.2 A sweating thermal manikin accurately accounts for evaporative cooling, which represents the only active means of heattransfer occurring in humans. Utilizing a sweating thermal manikin will also permit the heat removal r
25、ate to be measured for alltypes of PCS.4.2 The measurements of heat removal rates and duration of cooling provided by the PCSsPCS depend on the apparatus andapparatus, the base ensemble, and the techniques used.4.2.1 It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient
26、to cover all contingencies.4.2.1 Departures from the instructions in this test method will potentially lead to significantly different test results.4.2.2 Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature, air motion measurement, humidity, evaporativecooling, and testing practic
27、es is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant.Report any departures with the results.5. Apparatus5.1 ManikinAstanding sweating manikin having the form, shape, shall be used that is formed in the shape and size of an adultmale or female shal
28、l be used. The manikin shall be and heated to a uniform, constant, skin average surface temperature.5.1.1 Size and ShapeThe manikin shall be constructed to simulate the body of a human being; that is, it shall consist of a head,chest/back, abdomen, buttocks, arms, hands (preferably with fingers exte
29、nded to allow gloves to be worn), legs, and feet. Totalsurface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m2, and height shall be 170 6 10 cm. The manikins dimensions shall correspond to those requiredfor standard sizes of garments because deviations in fit will significantly affect the results.5.1.2 Sweat GenerationT
30、he manikin must have the ability to evaporate water from its surface. Some examples of a Thesweating system include a cotton body suit saturated with water or water can be a water fed capillary body suit worn over a thermal3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or conta
31、ctASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.F2371 162manikin. Other technologies exist that deliver water to the manikins surface with a valve delivery system.Sweating can also besim
32、ulated by supplying water to and maintaining it at the inner surface of a waterproof, but moisture-permeable fabric skin.5.1.2.1 Sweating Surface AreaThe surface area from which water is evaporated must include the entire surface of the manikinshall be heated and sweating including the head, chest,
33、back, abdomen, buttocks, arms and legs. Ideally, the manikins head, hands,and feet should be sweating also.arms, hands, legs, and feet.5.1.3 Surface TemperatureThe manikin shall be constructed so as to maintain a constant uniform temperature over the nudebody surface, with no local hot or cold spots
34、. The skin mean surface (skin) temperature of the manikin shall be 35C. Localdeviations from the mean skinsurface temperature shall not exceed 60.3C.60.5C. Temperature uniformity of the nude manikinshall be evaluated at least once annually using an infrared thermal imaging system or equivalent metho
35、d. Repeat this procedureafter repairs or alterations are completed that could affect temperature uniformity (foruniformity, for example, replacement of aheating element).element.5.2 Power-Measuring InstrumentsRecord the time history of the power input to the manikin over the entire test period.Overa
36、ll accuracy of the power monitoring equipment must be within62 % of the reading for the average power for the test period.Since there are a variety of devices and techniques used for power measurement, no specified calibration procedures shall be given.However, an appropriate power calibration proce
37、dure is to be developed and documented.5.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikins Skin Surface (Skin) TemperatureMeasure the mean skin temperature with pointsensors or distributed temperature sensors.5.3.1 Point SensorsPoint sensors may be The following are acceptable point sensors: thermocouples, res
38、istance temperaturedevices (RTDs), thermistors, or equivalent sensors. They shall be no more than 2.0 mm thick and shall be well bonded, bothmechanically and thermally, to the manikins surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface or pass through the interior of themanikin, or both. The sensors
39、 shall be distributed so that each one represents the same surface area or are area-weighted whencalculating the mean skin temperature for the body. A If point senors are used, a minimum of 15 point sensors are required. Atleast one sensor shall be placed on the head, chest, back, abdomen, buttocks,
40、 and both the right and left upper arm, lower arm,hand, thigh, calf, and foot. These sensors must be placed in the same position for each test and the placement of the sensors shallbe given in the report.5.3.2 Distributed SensorsIf distributed sensors are used (for example, resistance wire), then th
41、e sensors must be distributedover the surface so that all areas are equally weighted. If several such sensors are used to measure the temperature of different partsof the body, then their respective temperatures should need to be area-weighted when calculating the mean skin surface (skin)temperature
42、. Distributed sensors must be small in diameter (that is, less than 1.0 mm) and firmly bondedshall be less than 1 mmin diameter and firmly attached to the manikin surface at all points.5.4 Controlled Environmental ChamberThe manikin shall be placed in a chamber at least 2 by 2 by 2 m in dimension th
43、atcan provide uniform conditions, both spatially and temporally.5.4.1 Spatial VariationsSpatial variations shall not exceed the following: air temperature 61.0C, relative humidity 65 %,and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition, the mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0C dif
44、ferent fromthe mean air temperature. The spatial uniformity shall be verified at least annually or after any significant modifications are madeto the chamber. Spatial uniformity shall be verified by recording values for the conditions stated above at heights of 0.1, 0.6, 1.1,1.4, and 1.7 m above the
45、 floor at the location occupied by the manikin. Sensing devices specified below shall be used whenmeasuring the environmental conditions.5.4.2 Temporal VariationsTemporal variations shall not exceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, mean radianttemperature 60.5C, relative humidity 65 %, air velo
46、city 620 % of the mean value for data averaged over 5 minutes. (See 5.4.5).5.4.3 Relative Humidity Measuring EquipmentAny humidity-sensing device with an accuracy of 65 % relative humidity anda repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (for example, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only one locat
47、ion needs to bemonitored during a test to ensure that the temporal uniformity requirements are met.5.4.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperature sensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple, thermistor). The sensor shall ha
48、ve a time constant not exceeding 1minute. The sensor(s) shall be 0.5 m in front of the manikin. If a single sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above the floor. If multiplesensors are used, they shall be spaced at equal height intervals and their readings averaged.5.4.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-di
49、rectional anemometer with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Average measurementsfor a minimum of Measurements shall be averaged for at least 1 min at each location. If it is demonstrated that velocity does notvary temporally by more than 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocity during a test. The However, the valueof the mean air velocity must be reported, however. reported. If air velocity is monitored, then measurement location requirementsare the same as for temperature.5.5 CalibrationCalibrate the sweating
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