1、Designation: F2397 09An American National StandardStandard Specification forProtective Headgear Used in Martial Arts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2397; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers performance requirements forhead protection used for training and competition in martia
3、larts such as karate, wushu, and taekwondo, where normalcontact between participants may be repeated, but is limited toa level that is not intended to produce injury. These activitiestypically take place in indoor or outdoor environments wherethe temperature is moderate. This specification recognize
4、s thedesirability of a lightweight and streamlined construction, andventilation; however it is a performance specification, and isnot intended to restrict design.1.2 All testing and requirements of this specification shallbe in accordance with Test Methods F1446, except where notedin this specificat
5、ion.1.3 Partial utilization of this standard is prohibited. Anystatement of compliance with this specification shall be acertification that the product meets all of the requirements ofthe specification in its entirety. A product that fails to meet anyone of the requirements of this specification is
6、considered tohave failed the specification, and shall not be distributed orsold with any indication that it meets parts of the specification.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 The following safety caveat app
7、lies to the chemical,mechanical, or physical, or a combination thereof, test methodsdescribed herein and is meant specifically for those performingthe tests (in an effort to provide them with notice to take theappropriate precautions when conducting the tests): This stan-dard does not purport to add
8、ress all of the safety concerns, ifany, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1446 Test Meth
9、ods for Equipment and Procedures Used inEvaluating the Performance Characteristics of ProtectiveHeadgear3. Terminology3.1 See Test Methods F1446.4. Significance and UseThe purpose of this specification is to provide reliable andrepeatable test methods for the evaluation of protective head-gear for m
10、artial arts training and competition. Injuries resultingfrom accidentally hard hand-to-head impacts, foot-to-headimpacts, and head-to-ground impacts may be decreased inseverity and, in some cases, prevented. No headgear canprotect against all impacts, foreseeable or not. Forces resultingfrom strikes
11、 to the head due to kicks, punches, and falls are notwell understood. The mechanism of possible injury is notaddressed in this specification.5. Certification5.1 See Test Methods F1446.6. Apparatus6.1 Test HeadformsHeadforms to be used for the stabilityand falling impact tests in this specification a
12、re as defined inTest Methods F1446. The appropriate size headform shall beselected for the headgear to be tested. For the striking impacttests in this specification, it is acceptable to use the appropriatesize Hybrid III head- and neck-forms.6.2 Stability Test Instruments and EquipmentStability test
13、instruments and equipment shall be in accordance with therequirements of the roll-off test described in Test MethodsF1446.6.3 Falling Impact Test Instruments and EquipmentImpact test instruments and equipment for falling impact shall1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08
14、 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.53 onHeadgear and Helmets.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F2397 04a. DOI:10.1520/F2397-09.2For referenced ASTM
15、 standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
16、ken, PA 19428-2959, United States.be in accordance with the requirements of Test Methods F1446,using the flat anvil described in Test Methods F1446.6.4 Striking Impact Instruments and EquipmentAll testsfor striking impact shall be performed with a Hybrid IIIheadform and neck. A tri-axial acceleromet
17、er capable ofmeasuring impact of at least 1000-G and frequencies greaterthan 3 kHz, mounted at the center of mass of the headform,shall be used to measure the resultant acceleration of theheadform. The headform and neck are to be rigidly connectedat the neck to a 25-kg steel mass, and suspended head
18、-down ona flexible joint. The striker shall be an aluminum tube with alength of 500 6 5 mm from its pivot point to the strike point,extend an additional 50 6 5 mm beyond the strike point, andhave an external diameter of 80 6 5 mm. The mass of the tubeshall be 4.5 6 0.2 kg, uniformly distributed alon
19、g its length.The striker shall be loaded with a spring or a falling mass, suchthat when the striker is rotated back and released, it rotatesforward toward the headform and strikes it at the designatedpoints. No force is to be applied to the striker by the spring orfalling mass once the striker rotat
20、es forward beyond the initialimpact point, however, the striker must be free to rotateforward after impact. Rotating the striker further backwardsbefore releasing it can increase the striking speed. The terminalspeed impact shall be measured within 100 mm of the point offree rotation. A schematic di
21、agram of a typical striking impacttester is shown in Fig. 1.7. Samples for Testing7.1 Conditions and attachments in accordance with TestMethods F1446.7.2 Number of SamplesA test normally requires sevensamples of each size. All testing may be done on two sizegroups only if the material, material thic
22、kness, and construc-tion of all the sizes are the same, that is, differing in coveragearea only. If only two size groups are tested, the sizes mustrepresent the largest and smallest sizes that will fit theappropriate headform. If the material, material thickness, orconstruction is different between
23、each size, then all sizes mustbe tested.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 See Test Methods F1446.9. Conditioning Environments9.1 See Test Methods F1446. The ambient temperature andwater immersion environments shall be used.9.2 The following modified high temperature environmentshall be used. The
24、 sample shall be kept in a 47 to 53Cenvironment for 4 to 24 h. The sample shall then be kept in a35 to 40C environment for 4 to 24 h. Testing must beginwithin 1 min after removal from this final conditioningenvironment. Before further testing, the headgear must bereturned to the final conditioning e
25、nvironment within 3 min, orbe reconditioned for 5 min for each minute it is out of the finalconditioning environment beyond the allowed 3 min.10. Test Schedule10.1 One sample from each size group to be tested will beinspected according to the schedule listed in Test MethodsF1446.10.2 Two headgear wi
26、ll be assigned to the ambient condi-tioning environment. Two headgear will be assigned to each ofthe other two conditioning environments.10.3 Testing will be performed in the following order:10.3.1 Retention test,10.3.2 Low-energy falling impact test,10.3.3 High-energy falling impact test,10.3.4 Low
27、-energy striking impact test, and10.3.5 High-energy striking impact test.10.4 Testing must be complete 30 min after initial removalfrom the conditioning environment. Once testing has begun ona sample, all tests on that sample must be completed within 3min. For each minute, or fraction thereof, this
28、time limit isexceeded, the sample must be returned to the conditioningenvironment for an additional 5 min.11. Test Methods11.1 Reference Marking:11.1.1 Place the headgear on the appropriate headform inaccordance with Test Methods F1446. Pre-load with a ballastof 5 kg.11.1.2 Draw lines A-B-C-D-E on t
29、he headgear as shown inFig. 2. This represents the test line for impact in the frontal,FIG. 1 Striking Impact Test.F2397 092temporal, and occipital directions. Lines A-B-C and D-E areparallel to the reference and basic planes. Line B-D isco-planar with the coronal plane. The center of impact may bes
30、elected to be anywhere on or between the test lines.311.2 Configuration:11.2.1 In general, the headgear shall be constructed toreduce the acceleration of the wearers head and to remain onthe wearers head during and after impact. The headgear shallalso include the following features.11.2.2 OpeningsTh
31、e headgear shall be designed so thatthe ears have a connection to the environment to enable thewearer to hear, as well as to prevent air pressure damagecaused by blows to the ear. There shall also be an alternate airpath for relieving pressure to the ears in case a blow to the earseals all of the co
32、nnections. This alternate air path shall beconstructed such that a rigid 6-mm diameter rod can passunobstructed from each ear to the environment.11.2.3 External SurfaceThe headgear must be cushionedexternally to prevent injury to the striking implement, presum-ably a foot, hand, or another part of t
33、he body. The externalsurfaces of the headgear, including any exposed hard bucklesor fasteners, shall be cushioned with the equivalent of at least6 mm of a material with a maximum durometer hardness of 40on the Shore A scale.11.3 Materials:11.3.1 See Test Methods F1446.11.4 Labels and Warnings:11.4.1
34、 Each headgear shall be labeled in accordance withTest Methods F1446.11.4.2 Each headgear shall also have instructions indicatingthat the headgear is designed to be used for martial arts trainingand competition. It should also inform the user that it is notdesigned to protect against possible trauma
35、 resulting from fullcontact strikes to the head. It is designed to provide protectionfrom light and incidental impacts that may occur whileengaging in martial arts training and competition where normalcontact between participants is limited to a level that is notintended to produce injury. While hea
36、dgear is designed todecrease the chance of having a head injury or decrease itsseverity, no headgear can prevent all head injuries.11.4.3 Each headgear shall also have instructions formethod and frequency of self-inspection for damage, and fordisposal after a period of time.11.5 Projections:11.5.1 A
37、ny internal projections must be in accordance withTest Methods F1446.11.5.2 External ProjectionsAny external rigid projectionsthat can contact the striker during impact shall be protected bymeans of cushioning. Verify that if projections are present, theyare protected. Projections may not extend bey
38、ond the exteriorsurface more than 25 mm.11.6 VisionVision testing is defined in Test MethodsF1446. The vision shall be unobstructed through an angle of105, minimum, on either side of the midsagittal plane. Thevision shall be unobstructed through an angle of 25, mini-mum, upward from the reference pl
39、ane. The vision shall beunobstructed through an angle of 45 downward from the basicplane. These angles are shown in Fig. 3.11.7 Stability (Roll-off) TestRoll-off testing is defined inTest Methods F1446. The drop-mass shall be 2 6 0.1 kg andthe drop height shall be 600 6 10 mm. One sample of theheadg
40、ear conditioned to the ambient environment will be usedfor this test.11.8 Low-Energy Falling Impact Test This test consistsof three sequential impacts, on the same headgear at the samelocation, with less than 1 min between each impact. Fourdifferent sites will be tested on the same headgear.11.8.1 P
41、erformance RequirementsThe maximum accel-eration measured during any impact, cannot exceed 100-G. Inaddition, the retention system must remain intact and theheadgear must remain on the headform during impact testing.11.8.2 Test DetailsThe impact testing shall be performedin accordance with the proce
42、dures in Test Methods F1446unless otherwise noted.3The Hybrid III 50thpercentile male head corresponds to ASTM headform sizeJ.ASTMHeadform SizeXmmYmmRmmSmmA 24.0 89.7 38.0 7.0E 26.0 96.0 39.0 8.0J 27.5 102.5 41.0 8.0M 29.0 107.0 41.0 8.0O 31.0 110.0 42.0 9.0FIG. 2 Marking the Test LineF2397 09311.8.
43、2.1 Four impact sites will be defined by the testtechnician and should represent the sites with the greatest riskof failure. The sites shall be centered anywhere on or betweenthe test lines.11.8.2.2 The headgear shall be dropped onto the flat anvil.The impact shall achieve an impact velocity of 3.0
44、6 0.15 m/s.Measure the resulting acceleration time history of the head-form.11.8.2.3 Reposition the headgear as necessary and repeat thedrop within a 1-min time frame for a total of three drops at eachsite.11.8.2.4 Repeat the testing for each impact site and eachenvironmental condition, for a total
45、of 36 impacts.11.9 High-Energy Falling Impact TestThis test consists ofa single impact at four different sites on the same headgear.This test is possibly destructive, thus the headgear should beinspected for damage according to the manufacturers instruc-tions for self-inspection. Damaged headgear sh
46、all not be usedfor any other tests.11.9.1 Performance RequirementsThe maximum accel-eration measured during impact cannot exceed 300-G. Inaddition, the retention system must remain intact and theheadgear must remain on the headform during impact testing.11.9.2 Test DetailsThe impact testing shall be
47、 performedin accordance with the procedures of Test Methods F1446unless otherwise noted.11.9.2.1 Four impact sites will be defined by the testtechnician and should represent the sites with the greatest riskof failure. The sites shall be centered anywhere on, or between,the test lines.11.9.2.2 The he
48、adgear shall be dropped on to the flat anvil.The impact shall achieve an impact velocity of 4.0 6 0.2 m/s.Measure the resulting acceleration time history of the head-form.11.9.2.3 Repeat the testing for each impact site and eachenvironmental condition, for a total of twelve impacts.11.10 Low-Energy
49、Striking Impact TestThis test consistsof three sequential impacts with less than one minute betweeneach impact. The impacts shall be on the same headgear at thesame site for four different sites.11.10.1 Performance RequirementsThe maximum accel-eration measured during any impact cannot exceed 50-G. Inaddition, the retention system must remain intact and theheadgear must remain on the headform during impact testing.11.10.2 Test DetailsThe impact testing shall be performedwith the apparatus specified in Section 6.11.10.2.1 Four impact sites will be define
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