ASTM F2437-2006 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws Bolts Anchors and Studs《与螺旋帽、螺栓、锚和螺柱用碳和.pdf

1、Designation: F 2437 06Standard Specification forCarbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type DirectTension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors,and Studs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year o

2、foriginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carbonand

3、alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indi-cators capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in capscrews, bolts, anchors, and studs.1.2 Direct tension indicators in nominal diameter sizes14through 212 in. are covered.1.3 There are two Types of DTIs covered by this specifica-tion,

4、Type 1 and Type 2.1.3.1 Type 1 DTIs are suitable for comparatively largebearing surfaces.2Type 1 DTIs are available in Grades 55 and105, which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at aprescribed gap (see Table 1).1.3.2 Type 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively smallerbearing surfaces.3Type

5、 2 DTIs are available in Grades 5 and 8,which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at aprescribed gap (see Table 1).1.4 Direct tension indicators are intended for installationunder a bolt or cap screw head, a hex nut, or against a hardenedwasher or other flat hardened surface.1.5 The follow

6、ing precautionary statement pertains only tothe test method portions, Section 12 and Appendix XI of thisspecification: This standard does not purport to address all ofthe safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate

7、safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4A 193/A 193M Specification for Alloy-Steel and StainlessSteel Bolting Materials for High Temperature or HighPressure Service and Other Special Purpose Applic

8、ationsA 194/A 194M Specification for Carbon and Alloy SteelNuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High TemperatureService, or BothA 307 Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60000 PSI Tensile StrengthA 325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, HeatTreated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Str

9、engthA 354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered AlloySteel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasten-ersA 449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs,Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum TensileStrength, General UseA 563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsB 633

10、 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zincon Iron and SteelB 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc MechanicallyDeposited on Iron and SteelF 436 Specification for Hardened Steel WashersF 606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Faste

11、ners,Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and RivetsF 1470 Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechani-cal Properties and Performance InspectionF 1554 Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and105-ksi Yield StrengthF 1941 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings onThreaded Fasteners

12、(Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN/UNR)2.2 ASME Standards:5ASME B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, InchSeriesASME B18.2.8 Clearance Holes for Bolts Screws, andStuds1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.

13、02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets, and Washers.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2006. Published September 2006.2Examples of a comparatively large bearing surface would include heavy hexbolts, heavy hex nuts, and so forth.3Examples of a comparatively small bearing surface would include a hex capscrew,

14、hex nut, and so forth.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Available from American Society of Mec

15、hanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 SAE Standard:6SAE J429 Mechanical and Material Requirements fo

16、r Ex-ternally Threaded FastenersSAE J995 Mechanical and Material Requirements for SteelNuts3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 compressible-washer-type direct tension indicator,na washer-type element inserted under the cap screw or bolthead, hex nut, or hardened wa

17、sher, having the capability ofindicating the achievement of a required bolt tension by thedegree of direct tension indicator plastic deformation. Hereaf-ter referred to as direct tension indicator or DTI. Alternatively,DTIs are commonly referred to as load-indicating washers ortension-indicating was

18、hers.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for direct tension indicators under this specifica-tion shall include the following:4.1.1 Quantity (number of pieces);4.1.2 Name of product (direct tension indicator);4.1.3 Size, that is, nominal diameter;4.1.4 ASTM designation and year of issue (if not specifi

19、ed,current issue shall be used);4.1.5 Type and Grade:4.1.5.1 Type 1Either Grade 55 or Grade 105,4.1.5.2 Type 2Either Grade 5 or Grade 8;4.1.6 Finish or coating type, if required (5.4);4.1.7 Source inspection, if required (Section 13);4.1.8 Certificates of Compliance, Certificates of Conform-ance, or

20、 Certified Test Reports, if required (Section 15); and4.1.9 Any special requirements, including those for load-gap curves or other special test data, as well as intended bolt,anchor, or stud tension, if known.4.2 Recommended FastenersFasteners meeting the re-quirements of the Standards referenced in

21、 Table 1 are consid-ered compatible with the DTI type(s) listed.75. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Direct tension indicators shall have a configurationproduced by extrusion, punching, pressing, or similar formingto permit a measurable decrease in thickness when placed incompression.5.2 The design shal

22、l be such that the degree of plasticdeformation of the protrusions shall indicate the tension in atightened cap screw, bolt, anchor, or stud.5.3 Heat TreatmentThe process used for heat treatment ofDTIs, if required, shall be through-hardening by heating to atemperature above the upper transformation

23、 temperature,quenching in oil, and then tempering by reheating to a suitabletemperature to attain desired mechanical/performance proper-ties.5.4 Protective Coatings or Platings:5.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the direct tension indica-tors shall be furnished “plain” with the “as-fabricated” surfac

24、efinish without protective coatings.5.4.2 When “plated” is specified, the direct tension indica-tors shall be processed in accordance with the requirements ofSpecifications B 633, B 695,orF 1941 for the class and type offinish specified.6Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Comm

25、onwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.7Coating or plating of previously tested DTIs requires retesting. See 10.3.TABLE 1 Acceptable Range of Compression LoadADTINominalDiameter(in.)Mean Compression LoadBRangein Pounds (lbs)Mean Compression LoadCRangein Pounds (lbs)Grade 5 Grade 8

26、 Grade 55 Grade 10514 2200 to 2450 3100 to 3450 . . . . . .516 3500 to 3850 4950 to 5500 . . . . . .38 5300 to 5850 7500 to 8300 . . . . . .716 7200 to 7900 10 100 to 11 200 . . . . . .12 9700 to 10 700 13 700 to 15 340 4450 to 4900 8500 to 9400916 12 350 to 13 600 17 400 to 19 200 5700 to 6300 10 9

27、00 to 12 05058 15 550 to 17 200 21 850 to 24 200 7050 to 7800 13 500 to 15 00034 22 600 to 25 000 31 900 to 35 300 10 500 to 11 600 20 000 to 22 15078 30 850 to 34 100 43 550 to 48 100 14 500 to 16 000 27 650 to 30 5501 40 200 to 44 400 56 700 to 62 700 19 000 to 21 000 36 250 to 40 100118 45, 100 t

28、o 49 850 73 150 to 80 900 23 950 to 26 450 47 300 to 52 300114 56 550 to 62 550 91 750 to 101 450 30 400 to 33 600 59 850 to 66 150138 69 350 to 79 750 112 450 to 124 250 38 550 to 42 600 73 800 to 81 600112 83 350 to 92 150 135 150 to 149 400 44 050 to 48 700 89 300 to 98 700158 . . . . . . 55 800

29、to 61 700 106 200 to 117 400134 121 850 to 134 650 177 850 to 196 500 59 550 to 65 850 124 600 to 137 750178 154 550 to 170 800 206 050 to 227 750 75 550 to 83 500 144 500 to 159 7002 160 050 to 177 200 236 850 to 261 750 113 000 to 124 300 165 800 to 183 300214 208 400 to 230 350 277 900 to 307 100

30、 102 050 to 112 750 212 900 to 235 350212 256 500 to 283 500 379 600 to 419 600 125 400 to 138 600 240 550 to 265 850ACompression load requirements establish the capability of the direct tension indicators to satisfy typical tension requirements for these grades. The user is not obligedto install fa

31、steners and DTIs to these tensions, and is free to specify installation to lower tension values. When so specified, the DTI supplier shall provide a load-gap curvein accordance with 15.2 to enable the user to select the appropriate gap criteria for the intended target tension of the application.BMea

32、n compression load values for Grades 5 and 8 are based upon 75 % of the proof load for SAE J429 cap screws.CMean compression load values for Grades 55 and 105 are based upon 60 % of the yield strength for the matching fasteners on which they are used.F24370625.4.3 Direct tension indicator manufactur

33、ers are free to offerother coatings, platings, or finishes when specified. However,application of any such coating, plating, or finish shall not beundertaken without the approval of the direct tension indicatormanufacturer.5.5 All direct tension indicators shall have circumferentialindentations spac

34、ed equally around the outside circumference,corresponding to and in alignment with each space between theprotrusions. Indentations shall be clearly visible but not solarge as to interfere with the function of the direct tensionindicator (see Fig. 1).5.5.1 The circumferential indentations indicate wh

35、ere feelergages, if used, are to be inserted during installation inspections,and further make it visually obvious that a direct tensionindicator (rather than a flat washer) has been used in theassembly.6. Chemical Composition6.1 The direct tension indicators shall conform in chemicalcomposition to t

36、he limits given in Table 2.6.2 Product analysis may be made by the purchaser fromfinished direct tension indicators representing each lot. Thechemical composition shall conform to the requirements givenin Table 3.7. Performance Requirements7.1 Compression LoadWhen compressed to the specifiedgap, the

37、 compression load shall conform to the requirementsspecified in Table 1.7.2 Hardness:7.2.1 Type 1 DTIs shall have a hardness not less thanHRB70 nor more than HRC22.7.2.2 Type 2 DTIs shall have a hardness not less thanHRB80 nor more than HRC35.8. Dimensions8.1 Type 1 (Grades 55 and 105) and Type 2 (G

38、rades 5 and8) direct tension indicators shall conform to the dimensionsspecified in Table 4.9. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance9.1 The direct tension indicators shall be commerciallysmooth and free of injurious material or manufacturing defectsthat would affect their performance.10. Number of Test

39、s and Retests10.1 Responsibility:10.1.1 The direct tension indicator manufacturer shall in-spect each lot of direct tension indicators prior to shipment inaccordance with the quality assurance procedures described in10.2.10.1.2 The purpose of a lot inspection testing program is toensure that each lo

40、t conforms to the requirements of thisspecification. For such a plan to be fully effective, it is essentialthat the purchaser continue to maintain the identification andintegrity of each lot following delivery until the product isinstalled in its service application.10.2 Lot Method:10.2.1 All direct

41、 tension indicators shall be processed inaccordance with a lot identification control-quality assuranceplan. The manufacturer shall identify and maintain the integrityof each lot of direct tension indicators from raw materialselection through all processing operations and treatments tofinal packing

42、and shipment. Each lot shall be assigned its ownlot-identification number, each lot shall be tested, and theinspection test reports for each lot shall be retained.10.2.2 For purposes of assigning an identification numberand from which test samples shall be selected, a lot shallconsist of all direct

43、tension indicators processed essentiallytogether through all operations to placing in the shippingcontainer that are of the same nominal size, produced from theNOTEContour of protrusions will vary from manufacturer to manu-facturer. The example shown is illustrative.FIG. 1 Direct Tension Indicator I

44、nside Diameter (I.D.) OutsideDiameter (O.D.) and Protrusion Bearing Diameter (PBD)TABLE 2 Chemical Composition RequirementsA,BElementComposition, %HeatAnalysisProductAnalysisCarbon 0.30 to 0.50 0.27 to 0.53Manganese 0.50 to 0.90 0.47 to 0.93Phosphorus, max 0.035 0.043Sulfur, max 0.040 0.048Silicon 0

45、.15 to 0.35 0.13 to 0.37ASteel is considered to be alloy by the American Iron and Steel Institute whenthe maximum of the range given for the content of alloying elements exceeds oneor more of the following limits: manganese, 1.65 %; silicone, 0.60 %; copper,0.60 %; or in which a definite range or de

46、finite maximum quantity of any of thefollowing elements is specified or required within the limits of the recognized fieldof constructional alloy steels: aluminum, chromium up to 3.99 %, cobalt, colum-bium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any otheralloying elements ad

47、ded to obtain a desired alloying effect.BSuitable materials for weathering steel DTIs include the chemistries for Type 3products listed in Specifications A 325 and F 436.F2437063same mill heat of steel, heat-treated in the same heat-treatmentcycle, and of the same finish.10.2.3 The minimum number of

48、 samples to be tested todetermine compression loads and coating thickness (whenapplicable) shall be in accordance with the requirementsspecified in Guide F 1470.10.3 Number of Tests After AlterationsIf direct tensionindicators are heat-treated, coated, or plated, or otherwisealtered by a subcontract

49、or or manufacturer subsequent totesting, they shall be re-tested in accordance with 10.2 prior toshipment to the purchaser after all alterations have beencompleted.11. Specimen Preparation11.1 Direct tension indicators selected for tests shall betested full size “as-received” without any special preparation.12. Test Methods12.1 Compression load tests shall be conducted in accor-dance with Test Methods F 606, with the specified test gapbeing 0.010 in. in all cases. Additional test data, whenspecified, shall be taken at sufficient intervals to enableprepara