1、Designation: F2444 04 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Practice forDamage Prevention of Bearings, and Bearing ComponentsThrough Proper Handling Techniques1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2444; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers requirements for the handling of allbearings and bearing comp
3、onents.1.2 This is a general practice. The individual bearing han-dling requirements shall be as specified herein or as specifiedin the contract or purchase order. In the event of any conflictbetween requirements of this practice and the individualbearing requirements of an OEM drawing, procurements
4、pecification, or other specification, the latter shall govern.Many companies, organizations, and bearing users have excel-lent facilities, equipment, and knowledgeable personnel forhandling bearings. The thrust of this practice is for users that donot have this knowledge of bearings.1.3 This standar
5、d does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ABMA
6、 Standard:2ABMA 1 Terminology2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 14644-1 Cleanrooms and Associated ControlledEnvironmentsPart 1: Classification of Air Cleanliness(DOD Adopted)ISO 14644-2 Cleanrooms and Associated ControlledEnvironmentsPart 2: Specifications for Testing andMonitoring to Prove Continued Compliance
7、 with ISO14644-1ISO 9001 Quality Management SystemsRequirements3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thispractice, refer to ABMA 1.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice covers bearings and bearing componentsof all material compositions and grades. It may be used todevelop
8、a process for adequately handling bearings.4.2 Unless the proper conditions of an adequate facility,equipment, and trained personnel are available, it may be betternot to inspect the bearings in-house. The danger of contami-nating and damaging the bearings may be much greater thanthe possibility of
9、receiving bearings that will not function.4.3 Bearings are easily damaged at the customers receivingand test areas. In most cases, bearings should be acceptedbased on the bearing manufacturers certification. Certificatesof quality (conformance) supplied by the bearing manufacturermay be furnished in
10、 lieu of actual performance of such testingby the receiving activity of the bearings. The certificate shallinclude the name of the purchaser, contract number/POnumber, name of the manufacturer or supplier, itemidentification, name of the material, lot number, lot size,sample size, date of testing, t
11、est method, individual test results,and the specification requirements.4.4 This practice does not cover clean room requirements ofminiature and instrument precision bearings. These bearingsrequire clean room environments in accordance with ISO14644-1 and ISO 14644-2.5. Reasons for Not Handling Beari
12、ngs5.1 When bearings are received, the following questionsmust be asked:5.1.1 What amount of inspection checks will be performedon the bearings? Do we need to do any checks?5.1.2 What will it cost to establish and maintain equipmentand facilities to inspect and test bearings?5.1.3 What is the establ
13、ished history of the bearing? If therehas never been a rejection, is inspection warranted?5.1.4 What type of test is required and how detailed is it?5.1.4.1 Rough spin,5.1.4.2 Destructive,1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F34 on RollingElement Bearings and is the direct resp
14、onsibility of Subcommittee F34.03 onPreservation, Cleaning and Packaging.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F244404. DOI:10.1520/F2444-04R12.2Available from American Bearing Manufacturers Association (A
15、BMA), 2025M Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, http:/www.americanbearings.org.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
16、PA 19428-2959. United States15.1.4.3 Nondestructive (NDT),5.1.4.4 Disassembly,5.1.4.5 Test requires recleaning, relubrication, and repack-aging of the bearings,5.1.4.6 Test requires a clean room environment,5.1.4.7 Dimensional, or5.1.4.8 Performance.5.1.5 What type of documentation is required?5.1.6
17、 Are trained personnel available?5.1.7 Are adequate equipment and facilities available?5.1.8 Do we have knowledge of the bearing manufacturersquality system?6. Equipment and Facilities6.1 The list below provides some conditions that must beconsidered by the bearing user. The bearing user must deter-
18、mine if they have the necessary in-house capability to performinspections and tests of bearings.6.2 It is recommended that the bearing areas have a con-trolled environment.6.3 The construction of the bearing handling areas should bemade of materials that do not lend themselves to accumulatingdust. I
19、t is recommended that plastic materials or other non-shedding materials be used for walls and ceilings. The floorsshould be of a material that will not require waxing, has veryfew seams if any, and a non-abrasive surface.6.4 Bearing handling areas should be away from doors andwindows to prevent dust
20、 from entering the area when the doorsor windows are opened.6.5 The room must be well-lit.6.6 Containers with covers are recommended for use duringinspection and tests of bearings. Racks, trays, and handlingcontainers should be made of glass, solvent resistant plastic, ornon-magnetic materials.6.7 T
21、weezers and tongs should have blunt points androunded edges, and be made of non-magnetic stainless steel.Other suitable materials may be used.6.8 Compressed air, if any is used in the room for gauging,cleaning, or drying bearings, should be filtered and dehydrated.6.9 Inspection equipment required w
22、ould depend on whatand how much inspection is to be performed. It could consistof microscopes for visual inspection, air gages for checkingbores and outside diameters, electronic or mechanical gages forchecking width, and special gages for checking radial play,torque, axial play, and preload. Not al
23、l of these gages are usedon all bearings. Many of these tests can only be performed atthe manufacturers facility. Many dimensions can only bechecked as component parts. These are made before thebearings are assembled.7. Training of Bearing Personnel7.1 All personnel handling bearings shall be traine
24、d andmust demonstrate the ability to perform visual inspections ofbearings. This training shall be documented on the employeetraining record.7.2 The training may be divided into two parts. Classroomtraining may be Part I and performance training may be Part II.7.3 Personnel must complete all of the
25、training require-ments.7.4 The bearing supplier is responsible for performance ofall of the testing and inspection requirements. The receivingactivity may use assigned certified personnel and equipment orany other suitable facility with trained personnel in theperformance of the acceptance tests or
26、inspections.8. General Handling Rules (Recommended Precautions)8.1 Never touch bearings with the bare hands. Acid mois-ture deposited by fingers will corrode bearings, and particles ofskin on the surface of the bearings are very hard to remove.Use tweezers, tongs, powder free rubber gloves, and fing
27、ercots.8.2 A bearing should never be placed directly on a contami-nated surface.8.3 The use of headgear or hairnets is recommended toprotect the bearings from hair contamination.8.4 Personnel handling bearings should change their per-sonal clothing when it becomes soiled or contaminated by solidor l
28、iquid materials.8.5 Personnel should wear shoes or boots that are free of dirtor other contamination. Shoe brushes may be provided in theseareas so that footgear can be cleaned.8.6 Personal items such as jackets, sweaters, papers, food,or drinks should not be in areas of close proximity to thebearin
29、gs.8.7 Lint-free rags and cloths should be used when cleaningbearings8.8 No smoking is allowed in any inspection, test, orassembly area where bearings are handled.8.9 No paper should be allowed to touch bearings becauseof possible contamination from paper lint. Some paper is alsoacidic and could cau
30、se corrosion. The use of non-sheddingpaper is desirable for making notes and recording data. Plasticdocument protectors may be used to enclose paper documen-tation such as routing tickets, labels, etc.8.10 No erasers or rubber bands should be permitted aroundbearings. These items are a source of par
31、ticulate contamina-tion.8.11 Personnel should use ballpoint pens.8.12 Personnel handling bearings should wash and dryhands frequently, especially after eating or smoking.8.13 Do not carry tweezers or other working equipment inpockets. Pockets are a large source of contamination. Garmentswithout pock
32、ets are desirable.8.14 Clean all gages and working equipment before using.8.15 Use only clean containers for holding bearings. Becareful not to use a container that may have held bearings witha different lubricant.F2444 04 (2012)28.16 The use of abrasive paper around bearings is notrecommended.8.17
33、Table tops and workbenches should be cleaned withlint free cloths or sponges and appropriate cleaner.8.18 Dust-proof cabinets may be used for storing bearings.No paper products should be allowed in the dust cabinets.Inkpads and stamps should not be placed in dust cabinets.8.19 Fans should not be per
34、mitted in areas where bearingsare handled.8.20 Appropriate hand lotions containing moisturizers maybe used in any of the bearing handling areas.8.21 Areas should be kept neat and orderly. There should becovered trash containers available for disposal of waste prod-ucts.8.22 Bearings and components r
35、eleased by machines mustbe controlled to prevent damage.8.23 If components or bearings drop on the floor, they mustbe inspected.8.24 When emptying components into another container,prevent sharp hitting.8.25 Components and bearings must be handled with careduring measurements.8.26 When removing comp
36、onents from tumblers, do notpour or drop components.8.27 Place components gently into containers between ma-chining operations.8.28 Components segregated for regrind are to be handledjust as acceptable items.8.29 Do not shake, drop, or move containers abruptly.8.30 Place components and bearings in b
37、askets by layeringwith dividers.8.31 During operations that may generate agitation, usecaution to avoid part movement.8.32 During placement and removal of containers from cartsand wagons, handle gently.8.33 Items subject to corrosion during fabrication or storagerequire special processing.8.34 Prese
38、rve and package items in controlled areas asrequired.8.35 Ensure that all bearings and components are properlyidentified at all times.9. Preparation for Inspection9.1 Bearings are easily damaged at the customers receivinginspection or test area. The damage is usually caused by thelack of training on
39、 how to properly handle bearings.9.2 Bearings should be brought into a suitable inspectionarea in the smallest unit container that has the completemarking and identification information.9.3 Shipping and intermediate containers, if applicable,should be removed before the bearings are brought to thein
40、spection area.9.4 Do not open more vials or packages than are required toobtain the inspection sample.9.5 Care should be taken so that plastic particles are not asource of contamination when vials must be cut open withrazor blades, knives, or other sharp-edged instruments.9.6 All bearing packages sh
41、ould be thoroughly cleaned onthe outside to remove contamination. Cut plastic bags contain-ing bearings with a razor blade or scissors.9.7 When bearings are serialized, care must be taken toprevent any mix up. The same care needs to be taken onbearings that are coded or classified in any manner.9.8
42、When separable bearings are being inspected, careshould be taken not to interchange the inner and outer races, asthey are usually matched. If the races become mixed, thebearings must be scrapped.9.9 One of the first operations in preparing for inspection ofbearings should be demagnetization. Magneti
43、zed bearings arehighly susceptible to contamination. The manufacturer willdemagnetize the bearings before shipping, but they will pick upmagnetism en route. There are several types of demagnetizersavailable, but precautions should be taken in their proper use toinsure the operator does not actually
44、magnetize the bearings.The demagnification should be verified with a gaussmeter. Amaximum of 5 gauss is recommended.10. Sampling10.1 Sampling for visual and dimensional testing of bear-ings and bearing components shall be done in accordance withthe purchase order or contract. The unit of product for
45、 samplingpurposes shall be one bearing as applicable. Acceptancenumber shall be zero for all sample series unless otherwisespecified.10.2 Remember that “each” handling operation detractsfrom the quality of the bearing. The benefits to be obtainedfrom sampling are: less damage to the bearings caused
46、byhandling, reduction of inspection errors caused by fatigue anda reduced inspection time. Personnel performing the inspectionand testing shall meet the specific training requirements of theorganization.11. Receiving Inspection11.1 Handling of all bearing components and bearing as-semblies requires
47、care, patience, knowledge, and commonsense.11.2 Use clean, burr-free tools that are designed for the job.The tools should not be painted or metal-plated. Use non-magnetic tools for miniature and instrument bearings.11.3 Bearings should not be removed from the originalpackaging until they are ready f
48、or inspection, test, or use.11.4 Protect unwrapped bearings by keeping them coveredand dry at all times.F2444 04 (2012)311.5 Miniature bearings, miniature precision bearings, andinstrument bearings must be handled in a clean room environ-ment.11.6 Containers used for components and assemblies should
49、be designed to avoid dents, nicks, and part-to-part impact. Size,type, and weight are important considerations when selectingcontainers for storage and movement of parts.11.7 Assembled bearings shall be handled individually atreceiving. Packaged bearings shall be removed from thepackaging and placed in tote bins for inspection. Bearings shallbe moved to other areas in the tote bins or may be individuallyplaced in bags, vials, or racks. Bulk handling may be suitablefor bearings 30 mm or less in diameter.All larger bearings shallbe individually handled.11.8 Inspect bearings
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