1、Designation: F2452 04 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Practice forDetermining the Adhesion of Print Media UtilizingMechanical Stress: Two Different Test MethodsScore/Tapeand Cross Hatch1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2452; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures to obtain subje
3、ctive,but comparative data for adhesion of print media used inprinters, copies and other reprographic devices.1.2 This method is applicable to constructions where theprint media is subject to failure under mechanical stress frommostly peel conditions (that is, paper, film, cloth, and so forth).1.3 T
4、his standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docume
5、nts2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2226 Practice for Determining the Adhesion of Prints andLaminating Films3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 film and high sized paper substraterecording ele-ment having low water permeability. An internal or surfacesizing of a porous paper substrate minimizes water absorption
6、and improves internal bonds. In the adhesion test fibers do nottear off a paper substrate.3.1.2 porous paper substraterecording element havinglimited internal or surface sizing. This type of papers has weakinternal bonds. It is common in the adhesion test that fibers tearoff a porous substrate.3.1.3
7、 print mediarecording elements used by printers toreceive inks or toners. The substrate may be paper, plastic,canvas, fabric, or other ink-receptive material. The substratemay, or not, be coated with an ink receptive layer(s).4. Significance and Use4.1 Good adhesion is a prime consideration for prin
8、t media.For coated papers failure can occur between the coating and thesubstrate or between coated layers, while for uncoated papersfailure can occur between the imaged area and the substrate.This practice utilizing mechanical stress allows comparativestudies of print media by examining adhesion in
9、both printedand unprinted areas.4.2 Factors in the office and outdoor environments, such asheat, cold, thermal shock, ultraviolet/visible radiation andwater vapor can have a similar effect on adhesion as mechani-cal stress.4.3 This practice is used to obtain comparative data ofadhesion strength of p
10、rint media.5. Interferences5.1 Since adhesion is dependent on temperature andhumidity, it is important that the effects of mechanical stress beassessed under the conditions appropriate to the end useapplications. While print media may be handled and displayedunder a variety of conditions, this test
11、practice is intended tomeasure adhesion in typical indoor environments.5.2 Adhesion is dependent on temperature and should betested at the manufacturers recommended temperature for thebest performance.5.3 The adhesion of printed images is dependent on theprinting mode, the type of color and the amou
12、nt of applied ink.5.4 The practice is intended to measure adhesion of printmedia without specifying above-mentioned parameters.6. Materials6.1 Razor blade, single edge or cutting board, pressure-sensitive tape (25 mm (1 in.) wide).6.1.1 The adhesion strength of pressure-sensitive tape isdependent on
13、 lot number due to batch production process andstorage time. The same manufacturing tape with identical lot1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.03 onResearch.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 20
14、12. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F245204. DOI:10.1520/F2452-04R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inform
15、ation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1number should be used for testing conducted in differentlaboratories. The pressure-sensitive tapes adhesion variesd
16、epending on the coating and substrate. The adhesion strengthof the tape should be agreed upon between the manufacturer ofthe tested coating and the end user.6.2 Test specimens, at least three. They have to be printedwith a test image if prints adhesion is evaluated.7. Test Specimens7.1 The print med
17、ia method of printing, ink or toner laydown, and handling of printed specimens shall be consistentwith their anticipated end use.7.2 The test image can be any picture printed using printfiles containing the appropriate printer setup specific for eachapplication.7.3 The same test image and printer se
18、t up should be usedfor comparison purposes.7.4 The recommended test image should consist of a stan-dardized arrangement of color patches printed using print filescontaining the appropriate printer setup specific for eachapplication. This test image should contain color patches atmaximum print densit
19、y of 100 % for each of the primary colorsof cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, 200 % for the secondarycolors of red, green, and blue, and 300 % for composite black.7.5 The recommended color patches should be circular withminimum diameter of 125 mm (5 in.).7.6 It is recommended that the samples be con
20、ditioned 24 hafter printing. The actual testing time after printing should bepresented in the report.8. Conditioning8.1 It is recommended that samples be conditioned at 23Cand 50 % RH for at least 24 h after coating or printing.Specimens should be visually inspected for surface irregulari-ties that
21、could adversely affect adhesion.8.2 The above conditioning step is pertinent only wheremedia evaluation or comparison is needed. Obviously, as aproduction tool, the conditioning period is not practical.Therefore, when media are coated in production, the specimensshould be obtained from each roll and
22、 checked as soon aspossible in a repeatable procedure appropriate to the operation.It is imperative that operators use caution in selecting andpreparing specimens to maintain good uniformity.9. Adhesion Tests9.1 Tests should be carried out under temperature andhumidity conditions similar to those of
23、 end-use applications.9.2 Score/Tape Procedure:9.2.1 Place the print media on a flat surface, printed side up.9.2.2 Take a 75 by 25 mm (3 by 1 in.) piece of pressure-sensitive tape and firmly adhere 50 mm (2 in.) of it to thesurface of each of the colored patches and a non-printed area sothat the lo
24、ng dimension of the tape is parallel to the CD (crossdirection) of the sample. The tape is pressed down with the flatof a finger.9.2.3 While holding the specimen against a flat, horizontalsurface, grasp the loose end of the tape and pull the tape awaysharply from the sample at a 90 angle from the sa
25、mple(altering the 90 angle may cause the results to be invalid).9.2.4 Examine the coating surface and the tape for removalof coating or ink. Rate adhesion according to the scale 15,where “poor” is the lowest rating and “excellent” is the highestrating.Adhesion CharacteristicPercent AreaRemovedRateTh
26、e coating is completely smooth. No coatingtransfer to the tape.05Small flakes of the coating or prints aredetached to the tape.10 4Medium flakes of the coating or prints aredetached to the tape.1035 3Large flakes of the coating are detached tothe tape.3565 2Flaking and detachment worse than Rate 2.
27、65 19.3 Cross Hatch ProcedureFilm and High Sized PaperSubstrate:9.3.1 Place a sample of the print media to be tested on a flatsurface, printed side up.9.3.2 Using a sharp razor blade, cut cross hatch lines 3 mm(0.125 in.) apart through the coating for each of the coloredpatches and a non-printed are
28、a, being careful not to cut throughthe base material.9.3.3 Take a 75 by 25 mm (3 by 1 in.) piece of pressure-sensitive tape and firmly adhere 50 mm (2 in.) of it to the crosshatched surface to be tested so that the long dimension of thetape is parallel to the CD (cross direction) of the sample. Thet
29、ape is pressed down with the flat of a finger.9.3.4 While holding the specimen against a flat, horizontalsurface, grasp the loose end of the tape and pull the tape awaysharply from the sample at a 90 angle (altering the 90 anglemay cause the results to be invalid).9.3.5 Examine the coating surface a
30、nd the tape for removalof coating or ink. Rate adhesion according to the scale 15,where “poor” is the lowest rating and “excellent” is the highestrating.Adhesion CharacteristicPercent AreaRemovedRateThe edges of the cuts are completely smooth. 0 5None of the square of the lattice is detached.Small f
31、lakes of the coating or prints aredetached at intersection.10 4Small flakes of the coating are detachedalong edges and at intersections of cuts.1035 3Large flakes of the coating are detached. 3565 2Flaking and detachment worse than Rate 2. 65 19.4 Cross Hatch ProcedurePorous Paper Substrate:9.4.1 Pl
32、ace a sample of the print media to be tested on a flatsurface, printed side up.9.4.2 Using a sharp razor blade, cut cross hatch lines 3 mm(0.125 in.) apart through each of the colored patches and anon-printed area, being careful not to cut through the basematerial.9.4.3 Take a 75 by 25 mm (3 by 1 in
33、.) piece of pressure-sensitive tape and firmly adhere 50 mm (2 in.) of it to the crosshatched surface to be tested so that the long dimension of thetape is parallel to the CD (cross direction) of the sample. Thetape is pressed down with the flat of a finger.F2452 04 (2012)29.4.4 While holding the sp
34、ecimen against a flat, horizontalsurface, grasp the loose end of the tape and pull the tape awaysharply from the sample at a 90 angle (altering the 90 anglemay cause the results to be invalid).9.4.5 Under some conditions, a quick stripping of the tapemay not cause separation or may otherwise yield m
35、isleadingresults.Aslow strip, at a rate of about 50-mm (2-in.) in3smaystart separation.9.4.6 Examine the coated surface and the tape for removalof coating or ink.9.4.7 Rate the adhesion according to the descriptions shownin Table 1, where 5 is excellent and 1 is poor.9.4.8 CalculationAdhesion rating
36、s are defined as “poor”for the lowest rating and “excellent” as the highest rating. Theaverage rating from five test specimens determines the finalrating applied to the coating structure being tested. Each ratingis assigned points as noted in Table 1 for adhesion and thepoints are averaged.9.4.8.1 E
37、xampleFive specimens were tested from asample and three were rated as excellent and two good. Sinceeach excellent rating is worth 5 points, then35=15points;each good rating is worth 3 points, so23=6points; for atotal of 21 points. Average rating = (Total points/Number ofspecimens) = (21/5) = 4.1. Th
38、e average test result would thusbe reported as “good (4.1).”10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Specimen identification, including the printer,method of printing, and the media type,10.1.2 Relative humidity and temperature in the roomwhere printing is carried out, and time after p
39、rinting,10.1.3 Each specimen rating,10.1.4 Average test result, and10.1.5 Any unusual characteristics, that is, extremes orirregularities noted in test results. Include backing if requiredand the conditioning cycle if other than standard.11. Precision and Bias11.1 A statement of bias is not applicab
40、le in view of theunavailability of a standard reference for these properties.12. Keywords12.1 accelerate aging; adhesion; bond strength; coating;debonding; ink jet; media; printing; thicknessAPPENDIXX1. COMMENTARYX1.1 The Tape SelectionX1.1.1 Major limitations of the tape test are its low sensi-tivi
41、ty and applicability to coatings of relatively low bondstrength. The test is determined as pass for the most outsidelayer through failure. Adhesion can still occur on the interfacebetween two other layers in multi coating or between the firstcoating and substrate.X1.1.2 The adhesion strength of pres
42、sure-sensitive tapes isdependent on lot number due to batch production process andaging during storage because bond strength of the tape maychange over time.X1.1.3 Small changes in back stiffness and adhesive rheol-ogy of the tape can cause significant changes in the tensionarea. Some commercial tap
43、es are manufactured to meet mini-mum standards. However, adhesion strength of most commer-cially available tapes can vary up to 50 % from the valueclaimed by the manufacturer.X1.1.4 Different tapes can lead to different results. Thepressure-sensitive tapes adhesion varies depending on thecoating and
44、 the substrate. The data in Table X1.1 show peelstrength of four tapes: 3M 899, 3M 600, 3M 610, and Permacel99. Depending on paper substrate or coating layer, adhesion toall tapes could be nearly the same or vary significantly. It isrecommended to use 2 to 3 tapes for comprehensive evalua-tion.X1.2
45、ReproducibilityX1.2.1 The precision and reproducibility depend largelyupon the skill of the operator. The angle and rate of taperemoval and the visual assessment of the tested sample aredependent on the operators skills. It is important to performthe test in a consistent manner. It is very common th
46、at differentoperators might obtain different results.TABLE 1 Adhesion RatingsAssigned ValueAdhesionCharacteristicRatingCoating cannot be separated by tape. Excellent 5Coating separates with 100 % fiber tear of aporous substrate (paper, cloth, and soforth).Very good 4Coating has considerable adhesion
47、. Good 3Coating separates with more than 50 % fibertear of a porous substrate.Coating has slight adhesion. Fair 2Coating separates with less than 50 % fibertear of a porous substrate.Coating has no adhesion. Poor 1Coating separates with no evidence of fibertear of a porous substrate.F2452 04 (2012)3
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