1、Designation: F2464 05 F2464 12Standard Guide forCleaning of Various Oiled Shorelines and Habitats1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2464; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides information on shoreline types and sensitive habitats that can be used as guidance for selectingappropriate clea
3、ning techniques following an oil spill. This guide does not address protected archaeological, historical, or culturalsites.1.2 This guide provides information on shoreline types and sensitive habitats that can be used as guidance for selectingappropriate cleaning techniques following an oil spill. T
4、he guides emphasis is on typical physical and biological attributes ofcoastal and inland habitats that could be at risk from marine oil spills. It reviews and encompasses the entire spectrum of shorelinetypes representing a wide range of sensitivities. It is largely based on NOAAsNOAAs Characteristi
5、c Coastal Habitats,and the API4706 PublicationAPIs publications listed in Section 2Environmental Considerations for Marine Oil Spill Response1.3 This guide provides only very broad guidance on cleaning strategies for the various habitats. For more in-depth guidance,the reader is referred to Section
6、2, Referenced Documents.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this
7、 standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1686 Guide for Surveys to Document and Assess Oiling Conditions on ShorelinesF1687 Guide for Terminology and Indices to Des
8、cribe Oiling Conditions on ShorelinesF2204 Guide for Describing Shoreline Response TechniquesF2205 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Chemical Dispersants in Oil Spill Response: Tropical Environments2.2 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication:Other Publications:API Publication
9、 4706 Environmental Considerations for Marine Oil Spill Response, API 2001Publication34706, 2001, 319 pp.API and NOAA 4558 Options for Minimizing Environmental Impacts of Freshwater Spill Response, 19953NOAA Characteristic Coastal Habitats, Choosing Spill Response Alternatives, June 201042.3 Nationa
10、l Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Publication:4Characteristic Coastal Habitats, Choosing Spill Response Alternatives, 2000, Office of Response and Restoration. 88 pp.3. Significance and Use3.1 One of the key considerations in making sound clean-upcleanup decisions for oiled shorelines
11、and marine resources is therelative sensitivity of the impacted area. Some areas may be so sensitive that are very sensitive and certain cleaning methods couldcause more harm than benefit. In such cases, natural recovery will be the preferred approach. In other cases, depending on the typeof oil, th
12、e amount of oil present may be so extensive that recovery will be significantly delayed or not occur at all unless activeintervention is carried out.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcomm
13、ittee F20.17on Shoreline Countermeasures.Current edition approved March 1, 2005Sept. 1, 2012. Published April 2005September 2012. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 asF2464 05. DOI: 10.1520/F2464-05.10.1520/F2464-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM web
14、site, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from the American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. Street, NW, Washington, DC 200054070, www.ap
15、i.org200051070, http:/www.api.org4 Available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 7600 Sand Point Way, NE, Seattle, Washington, 98115, http:/response.restoration.noaa.gov/oilaids/reports.html. 14th St. and Constitution Ave., NW, Room 6217, Washington, DC 20230.This docume
16、nt is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as ap
17、propriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 This guide presents summary information taken from API
18、Publication 4706 and NOAApublications listed in Section 2Publication Characteristic Coastal Habitatson the relative physical and biological sensitivities of shorelines and other marinehabitats. It is to be used along with Guides for coastal and inland habitats. Use this guide together with F1686, F1
19、687, and F2204as well as the other referenced publications the referenced publications and ASTM guides to make informed decisions prior toundertaking cleaning operations. Consult appropriate government agencies according to law.3.3 The relative sensitivities of shorelines and resources relate to a n
20、umber of factors:3.3.1 Shoreline type (substrate, grain size, tidal elevation, etc.),3.3.2 Biological productivity, diversity and vulnerability,3.3.3 Exposure to wave and tidal energy, and3.3.4 Ability to conduct cleanup without undue ancillary further damage.4. Description and Relative Sensitivity
21、of Shorelines4.1 This section summarizes the types of shorelines and habitats that may be impacted by an oil spill. The EnvironmentalSensitivity Index (ESI) is frequently used to characterize relative sensitivity of shorelines to oil spills. Areas exposed to high levelsof physical energy and contain
22、ing low biological activity would rank low (ESI=1, example: exposed rocky shores). Sheltered areaswith associated high biological activity have the highest ranking (ESI=10, example: mangroves). Broad guidelines are providedon preferred strategies for cleaning these shorelines following an oil spill
23、incident.4.2 Exposed Rocky ShoresAlso known as exposed wave-cut cliffs. The inter-tidalintertidal zone is steep (more than 30-45 30to 45 slope) and narrow with little width. Access can be difficult and dangerous. Sediment accumulation is uncommon and usuallytransitory because waves remove the debris
24、 from the eroding cliffs. There is strong vertical zonation of inter-tidalintertidalbiological communities. Species density and diversity vary greatly but can be abundant. Oil would generally be held offshore byreflection of the waves. However, pockets of stranded oil can occur. Any oil that is depo
25、sited would be rapidly removed naturally.Cleanup is usually not required.4.3 Exposed Man-made StructuresThese are solid structures such as seawalls, piers, and port facilities. They are common indeveloped areas, providing protection to residential and industrial zones. Many structures are constructe
26、d of concrete, wood, stone,or metal. They are built to protect from erosion by waves, boat wakes, and currents. They are exposed to rapid natural removalprocesses. Attached animals and plants are sparse to moderate. Oil would be held offshore by waves reflecting off the steep, hardsurfaces in expose
27、d settings. Cleanup may not be required. All cleanup techniques may be appropriate including surface-washingagents.4.4 Exposed Wave-Cut PlatformsPlatforms and Sheltered Bedrock HabitatsThese shoreshabitats are characterized by gentlysloping bedrock shelves, called platforms, of highly variable width
28、. A steep scarp or low bluff may back the shoreline. They oftenco-occur with gravel beaches. The platform surface is irregular and cracks, crevices, and tidal pools are common. Smallaccumulations of gravel can be found in the tidal pools and crevices in the platform. PocketsAreas of sandy “tidal fla
29、ts” veneercan occur on the platform in less exposed settings. These habitats can support large populations of encrusting animals and plants,including barnacles, snails, mussels, and macroalgae. Birds and seals use platforms for feeding and resting during low tide. Oildoes not adhere to the wet surfa
30、ce, but could penetrate crevices or sediment veneers. Cleanup may not be required. Where thehigh-tide necessary. Pockets of stranded oil may occur. If the area is accessible, it may be feasible to manually remove heavy oilaccumulations and oiled debris.4.5 Sand BeachesHabitatsBeaches Sand habitats a
31、re generally flat to moderately sloping and relatively hard-packed. TheySand habitats include sand bars and banks along rivers. In developed areas, sand habitats can be man-made for the purpose ofrecreation. In exposed coastal areas, they are commonly backed by dunes or seawalls along exposed outer
32、coasts. seawalls. Therecan be heavy accumulations of wrack (remnants of stranded marine vegetation or wrecked ships) or other debris. Beaches Sandhabitats can undergo rapid erosion/deposition cycles as currents and storms relocate the sand. Sand habitats have low to mediumsensitivity. In developed a
33、reas, sand habitats used as recreational beaches are considered sensitive for economic reasons. Biologicalpopulations are typically of low density. Birds use beaches density except if the habitat is in a protected area and contains muddysediments. Birds use sand habitats for resting, feeding, and ne
34、sting. Marine turtles use beaches Turtles use these habitats to lay theireggs. Oil penetration can be as much as 15 cm in fine- to medium-grain sand and up to 30 cm in coarse-grain sand. Cleanup shouldconcentrate on manually removing persistent oil and oily debris manually from the upper swash zone.
35、debris. On recreationalbeaches, extensive cleanup is required. Replacement with clean sand having the appropriate composition, grain-size, and color maybe necessary if large amounts of sand are removed during cleanup.4.6 Tundra CliffsThese shorelines are found in extremely cold regions near permafro
36、st areas. They are generally comprisedof vegetation overlying peat and permafrost. The cliff height ranges from less than 1 metermetre to as much as 10 meters.metres.The vegetation on the tundra is a living plant community that is sensitive to disturbance. The main users of this shoreline aremigrato
37、ry birds during the summer season and they are most at risk by oiling. Oil can be removed by sorbing with natural peatfrom beach deposits by sorbents or by manual and mechanical methods as long as there is no damage to the peat substrate. Accessmay be limited due to fragility of tundra vegetation.F2
38、464 1224.7 Mixed Sand and Gravel BeachesHabitatsThese moderately sloping beacheshabitats contain significant (over 25 %each) amounts of both sand and gravel. The high-tide berm area is usually composed of sand and fine gravel and the lower partof the beach is coarser with cobbles to boulders. In gla
39、ciated areas, large boulders may occur. Mixed sand and gravel habitats occuralong lakes and as bars along rivers and streams. There can be large-scale changes in the sediment distribution patterns dependingupon season, because of the transport of sand offshore during storms. Desiccation and sediment
40、 mobility on exposed beachesareasresult in low densities of attached animals and plants. The presence of algae, mussels, and barnacles indicates beaches indicatecoastal habitats that are relatively sheltered. Oil penetration into the beach sediments may be up to 50 cm. In freshwater areas,worms and
41、insects such as mayflies, caddisflies, and midges may burrow in mixed sand and gravel habitats. This habitat mayinclude fish spawning areas, birds, and mammals. Oil penetration and sediment deposition can result in subsurface oil layers atdepths of over a metre. If the sand fraction exceeds 40 %, oi
42、l behavior will be much as it is for a sand beach.habitat. Heavyaccumulations of pooled oil should be removed from upper beach faces using low-pressure flushing. All oiled debris should beremoved; sediment removal should be limited as much as possible. Movement possible as erosion is a concern. In c
43、oastal areas,relocation of oiled sediment from high-tide zones to upper inter-tidalintertidal zones can be effective in areas regularly exposedto wave activity.4.8 Gravel BeachesHabitatsThese beacheshabitats are composed of substrate ranging in size from pebbles to boulders.They can be very steep, w
44、ith multiple wave-built berms forming the upper beach. Density of animals and plants in the upperinter-tidalintertidal zone is low on exposed beaches,habitats, but can be high on sheltered gravel beacheshabitats and on the lowerinter-tidal zone. intertidal zone. Gravel habitats occur along lakes and
45、 as bars along rivers and streams. In freshwater areas,biological communities are of low density. Adult insects and larvae (mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, and midges) live among thegravel. Flatworms, leeches, and crustaceans also occur. Fish spawning areas may occur in this habitat. Stranded oil
46、 is likely topenetrate deeply into gravel beacheshabitats because of the high permeability/pore space. Heavy accumulations of pooled oilshould be removed quickly from the upper beach. quickly. All oiled debris should be removed. Substrate removal should be limitedas much as possible. possible due to
47、 the slow rate of natural replenishment in freshwater areas.4.9 Vegetated Shoreline HabitatsThese habitats occur in non-wetland banks of rivers and lakes. The slopes of these habitatsmay be gentle or steep. Characteristic vegetation include grasses, bushes, and trees. Leaf litter and woody debris ca
48、n be trappedamong the vegetation. Lawns and gardens may occur along a river or lake in developed areas. Sediments range from clay to gravel.Seasonal flooding may occur along the banks with high-energy removal conditions. Many species of animals use vegetated banksas important habitats. Oil can penet
49、rate sediments and contact root systems. On gentle banks, oil may contaminate large areas ofvegetation. Various cleanup methods may be appropriate such as vacuuming, sorbent use, low-pressure flushing, removal of oilydebris, use of surface-washing agents, burning, and cutting of oiled vegetation.4.10 Freshwater Mud HabitatsMud habitats occur along river floodplains and lake bottoms that are exposed during seasonallow water levels. These habitats are typically found in low-energy areas and often associated with wetlands. This habitat is oftena natural collect
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